<p>The Lower Sioux Agency, or Redwood Agency, was the federal administrative center for the Lower Sioux Indian Reservation in what became Redwood County, Minnesota, United States. It was the site of the Battle of Lower Sioux Agency on August 18, 1862, the first organized battle of the Dakota War of 1862. Today it is a historic site managed by the reservation in partnership with the Minnesota Historical Society. The site contains an interpretive center, self-guided trails, and a restored 1861 stone warehouse which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lower Sioux Agency was established in 1853 by the United States government, to oversee the newly created Lower Sioux Indian Reservation. This reservation was to be the home for the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute bands following the 1851 Treaty of Mendota.</p><br>
<p>On August 15, 1862, the Lower Sioux turned to the Agency staff for supplies. Representatives of the northern Sissetowan and Wahpeton Dakota bands had successfully negotiated to obtain food at the Upper Sioux Agency on August 4. However Thomas J. Galbraith, the Indian agent in charge, rejected the Lower Sioux bands as he would not distribute food to these bands without payment. At a meeting of the Dakota, the USA government and local traders, the Dakota representatives asked the representative of the government traders, Andrew J. Myrick, to sell them food on credit. His response was said to be, "So far as I am concerned, if they are hungry let them eat grass or their own dung."</p><br>
<p>On August 16, 1862, the treaty payments to the Dakota arrived in St. Paul, Minnesota, and were brought to Fort Ridgely the next day. They arrived too late to prevent violence. On August 17, 1862, four young Dakota men were on a hunting trip in Acton Township, Minnesota, during which one stole eggs and then killed five white settlers. Soon after, a Dakota war council was convened and their leader, Little Crow, agreed to continue attacks on the European-American settlements to try to drive out the whites.</p><br>
<p>On August 18, 1862, Little Crow led a group that attacked the Lower Sioux Agency. Andrew Myrick was discovered trying to escape through a second-floor window of a building at the agency. Myricks body later was found with grass stuffed into his mouth because of his recent statement (See above). The warriors burned the buildings at the Lower Sioux Agency, giving enough time for settlers to escape across the river at Redwood Ferry. Minnesota militia forces and B Company of the 5th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment sent to quell the uprising were defeated at the Battle of Redwood Ferry. Twenty-four soldiers, including the partys commander (Captain John Marsh), were killed in the battle. Throughout the day, Dakota war parties swept the Minnesota River Valley and near vicinity, killing many settlers. Numerous settlements including the Townships of Milford, Leavenworth and Sacred Heart, were surrounded and burned and their populations nearly exterminated.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Self-guided trails take visitors around the site. The 1861 granary is the only surviving structure from the agency. Interpretive signs mark the locations of other features, including the location of the Redwood Ferry crossing the Minnesota River. Period gardens and plots demonstrate differences between traditional Dakota and Euro-American farming.</p><br>
<p>The Monastery of Batalha , literally the Monastery of the Battle, is a Dominican convent in the municipality of Batalha, in the district of Leiria, in the Centro Region of Portugal. Originally, and officially known, as the Monastery of Saint Mary of the Victory , it was erected in commemoration of the 1385 Battle of Aljubarrota, and would serve as the burial church of the 15th-Century Aviz dynasty of Portuguese royalty. It is one of the best and original examples of Late Gothic architecture in Portugal, intermingled with the Manueline style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The monastery was built to thank the Virgin Mary for the Portuguese victory over the Castilians in the battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, fulfilling a promise of King John I of Portugal. The battle put an end to the 1383–85 Crisis.</p><br>
<p>It took over a century to build, starting in 1386 and ending circa 1517, spanning the reign of seven kings. It took the efforts of fifteen architects (Mestre das Obras da Batalha), but for seven of them the title was no more than an honorary title bestowed on them. The construction required an enormous effort, using extraordinary resources of men and material. New techniques and artistic styles, hitherto unknown in Portugal, were deployed.</p><br>
<p>Work began in 1386 by the Portuguese architect Afonso Domingues who continued until 1402. He drew up the plan, and many of the structures in the church and the cloister are his doing. His style was essentially Rayonnant Gothic, however there are influences from the English Perpendicular Period. There are similarities with the façade of York Minster and with the nave and transept of Canterbury Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>He was succeeded by Huguet from 1402 to 1438. This architect, who was probably of Catalan descent, introduced the Flamboyant Gothic style. This is manifest in the main façade, the dome of the square chapter house, the Founder&#39;s Chapel, the basic structure of the Imperfect Chapels and the north and east naves of the main cloister. He raised the height of the nave to 32.46 m. By altering the proportions he made the interior of the church seem even narrower. He also completed the transept but he died before he could finish the Imperfect Chapels.</p><br>
<p>During the reign of Afonso V of Portugal, the Portuguese architect Fernão de Évora continued the construction between 1448 and 1477. He added the Cloister of Afonso V. He was succeeded by the architect Mateus Fernandes the Elder in the period 1480–1515. This master of the Manueline style worked on the portal of the Capelas Imperfeitas. Together with the famous Diogo Boitac he realized the tracery of the arcades in the Claustro Real. Work on the convent continued into the reign of John III of Portugal with the addition of the fine Renaissance tribune (1532) by João de Castilho. The construction came to a halt, when the king decided to put all his efforts in the construction of the Jerónimos Monastery in Lisbon.</p><br>
<p>The earthquake of 1755 did some damage, but much greater damage was inflicted by the Napoleonic troops of Marshal Masséna, who sacked and burned the complex in 1810 and 1811. When the Dominicans were expelled from the complex in 1834, the church and convent were abandoned and left to fall in ruins.</p><br>
<p>In 1840, king Ferdinand II of Portugal started a restoration program of the abandoned and ruined convent, saving this jewel of Gothic architecture. The restoration would last till the early years of the 20th century. One of the last architects was master stone mason Jose Patrocinio de Sousa, responsible for rebuilding the monastery. It was declared a national monument in 1907. In 1980 the monastery was turned into a museum.</p><br>
<p>The Batalha convent was added in 1983 by UNESCO to its list of World Heritage sites.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The convent stands apart from the whole town, and although some dislike the implantation of new hotels by its side, they can always enjoy the interesting homes of the 18th century, the "guillotine" windows and the magnificent Manueline portal of the main church. It is one of the most fascinating pieces of Gothic and Manueline architecture within the country.</p><br>
<p>The ornate convent has been put up in limestone from Porto de Mós, that has turned yellow ochre in the course of time. It has an original Portuguese style, a mixture of rayonnant and flamboyant Gothic architecture combined with strong elements of English Perpendicular, that finds few parallels in Europe. As with all Dominican churches, this church has no bell tower.</p><br>
<p>The western façade, facing the large square with the equestrian statue of general Nuno Álvares Pereira, is divided in three by buttresses and huge pilasters: the Founder&#39;s Chapel (Capelo do Fundador), the side wall of an aisle and the projecting portal. On the right side of this façade are the Imperfect Chapels (Capelas Imperfeitas), a separate octagonal structure added to the complex.</p><br>
<p>Off the east side, next to the church choir is the chapterhouse (Sala do Capitulo). The closier of King João I borders on the church and this chapterhouse. The structure continues into the cloister of King Afonso V (Claustro de D. Afonso V). On the northern side of the complex lies the Tomb of the Unknown Warriors.</p><br>
<p>The portal shows in the archivolt a profusion of 78 statues, divided over six rows, of Old Testament Kings, angels, prophets and saints, each under a baldachin. The splays on both sides display (inferior copies of) statues of the apostles, with one standing on a chained devil. The tympanum shows us Christ enthroned, sitting under a baldachin and flanked by the Four Evangelists, each with his own attribute.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<h4>Nave and choir</h4><br>
<p>The church is vast and narrow (22m) in proportion to its height (32.4 m). The nave was raised to its present height by the second architect Huguet, altering the proportions of the church and giving it its present aspect. Its interior gives a sober and bare impression by its complete lack of ornaments and statues in the nave. The ribbed vaults, supported by compound piers, are closed by ornamented keystones. Light enters the church through ten stained-glass windows of the clerestory and the tall, traceried windows in the side walls and the transept and through the two rows of lanciform windows in the choir. The choir extends into two-bay transepts and consists of five apsidal chapels, with the central one projecting.</p><br>
<p>Batalha probably had the first workshop for stained-glass windows in Portugal. The art was introduced in Portugal by German artists from the regions of Franconia and Nuremberg. The oldest windows date back to the end of the 1430s. But the Manueline, ogival stained-glass windows in the choir date from the 1520s and 1530s and were produced by Portuguese masters, among them Francisco Henriques. They represent scenes from the lives of Christ and Mary: the Visitation, the Epiphany, the Flight to Egypt and the Resurrection of Christ.</p><br>
<p>The architect Mateus Fernandes and his wife are buried under a marble tomb-slab close to the portal. The tomb of the knight Martim Gonçalves de Maçada, who saved the king&#39;s life during the battle at Aljubarrota, can be found close to the Capela do Fundador.</p><br>
<h4>Founders' Chapel</h4><br>
<p>The square Founders&#39; Chapel (Capela do Fundador) was built between 1426 and 1434 by the architect Huguet on orders of King John I to become the first royal pantheon in Portugal. It gives a perfect synthesis between Flamboyant Gothic and the English Perpendicular style, as Philippa of Lancaster had brought along a few English architects. The chapel consists of three notional bays and a central octagon buttressed by eight piers, adorned with crockets, supporting deeply stilted arches.</p><br>
<p>The joint tomb of King John I of Portugal (d.1433) and his wife Philippa of Lancaster (d.1415) stands under the star vault of the octagon. Their statues lie in full regalia, with clasped hands (expressing the good relations between Portugal and England) and heads resting on a pillow, under elaborately ornamented baldachins. The coats of arms of the Houses of Aviz and Lancaster are put on top of these baldachins, together with the insignia of the order of the Garter. On the cover plate of the tomb are inscribed in repetition the mottos of the king Por bem (For the better) and of the queen Yl me plet (I am pleased).</p><br>
<p>This octagon is surrounded by an ambulatory with complex vaulting. At the south wall stand a row of recessed arches with the tombs of the four younger sons of John I, together with their spouses. From left to right: Ferdinand the Holy Prince (a bachelor, he died a prisoner in Fez in 1443, his bodily remains were later recovered and translated here in 1473), John of Reguengos, the Constable of Portugal (d.1442) with his wife Isabella of Barcelos (d.1466), Henry the Navigator (under a baldachin, d.1460, a bachelor), and Peter of Coimbra (regent for Afonso V, 1438–1448, who was killed at the Battle of Alfarrobeira in 1449, his remains were only translated here in 1456) with his wife Isabella of Urgell (d.1459).</p><br>
<p>The three tombs on the west wall are copies of the original tombs of King Afonso V (r.1438–1481), John II (r.1481–1495) (empty because the soldiers of Masséna threw away the bones) and his son and heir, Prince Afonso (who died in an accident at the age of seventeen, predeceasing his father).</p><br>
<h4>Unfinished Chapels</h4><br>
<p>As Capelas Imperfeitas (The Unfinished Chapels) remain as a testimony of the fact that the monastery was never actually finished. They form a separate octagonal structure tacked on the choir of the church (via a retrochoir) and only accessible from the outside. It was commissioned in 1437 by King Edward of Portugal ("Dom Duarte", d.1438) as a second royal mausoleum for himself and his descendants. But he and his queen Eleanor of Aragon are the only ones buried here (Eleanor died in exile in Toledo in 1445, her remains were only translated here in 1456).</p><br>
<p>The original design, begun by Huguet, was altered by successive architects, especially Mateus Fernandes (who is buried inside the church). The octagonal rotunda has seven radiating hexagonal chapels. In the corners of the chapels stand the massive unfinished buttresses, that were intended to support the vault. These pillars, designed by Diogo Boitac, are decorated with Manueline motives carved in stone.</p><br>
<p>The portal rises to a monumental fifteen metres. It was originally built in Gothic style, but was transformed beyond recognition by Mateus Fernandes into a masterpiece of Manueline style (completed in 1509). It is completely decorated into a lacework of sumptuous and stylized Manueline motives: armillary, spheres, winged angels, ropes, circles, tree stumps, clover-shaped arches and florid projections. This homage of King Manuel I to his predecessor King Edward mentions his motto Leauté faray tam yaserei (I will always be loyal). This motto is then repeated more than two hundred times in the arches, vaults and pillars of the chapels.</p><br>
<p>The Renaissance loggia, added at about 1533, was probably meant for musicians. It is ascribed to the architect João de Castilho.</p><br>
<h4>Chapterhouse</h4><br>
<p>The Chapterhouse (Sala do Capitulo) reminds the visitors of the military reason for its foundation: two sentinels guard the tombs of two unknown soldiers killed in World War I.</p><br>
<p>This square room is especially notable for its star vault lacking a central support and spanning a space of 19 square meters. This was such a daring concept at the time that condemned prisoners were used to perform the task. It was completed after two failed attempts. When the last scaffolds were removed, it is said that Huguet spent the night under the vault in order to silence his critics.</p><br>
<p>The stained-glass Renaissance window in the east wall dates from 1508. It depicts scenes of the Passion and is attributed to the Portuguese painters Master João and Francisco Henriques.</p><br>
<h4>Royal Cloister</h4><br>
<p>The Royal Cloister (Claustro Real) is cloister was not part of the original project. It was built under the architect Fernão de Évora between 1448 and 1477. Its sober outward appearance is in stark contrast with the Flamboyant Gothic style of the church. The carved tracery decoration in Gothic style (including quatrefoils, fleurs-de-lis and rosettes) by Huguet in the ambulatory forms a successful combination with the Manueline style in the arcade screens, added later by Mateus Fernandes. Two different patterns alternate, one with the cross of the Order of Christ, the other with armillaries.</p><br>
<p>The colonnettes, supporting these intricate arcade screens, are decorated with spiral motives, armillaries, lotus blossoms, briar branches, pearls and shells and exotic vegetation.</p><br>
<h4>Lavabo</h4><br>
<p>Situated in the northwestern corner of the Claustro Real, this work of Mateus Fernandes is of a beauty and harmony difficult to describe. It consists of a fountain and two smaller basins above. The whole is bathed in a golden glow seeping through the intricate tracery of the arches around it.</p><br>
<h4>Cloister of King Afonso</h4><br>
<p>This sober cloister next to the Claustro Real was built in conventional Gothic style with double pointed arches. It was constructed in the second half of the 15th century by the architect Fernão de Évora. It stands in contrast with the Manueline flamboyance of the somewhat larger Claustro Real. The keystones in the vault carry the coat-of-arms of D. Duarte I and Afonso V.</p><br>
<p>Silent Sam is a statue by John Wilson of a Confederate soldier, located on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It is located on McCorkle Place, the university&#39;s upper quad; facing Franklin Street on the northern edge of campus.</p><br>
<p>The statue was funded by the University Alumni and the United Daughters of the Confederacy. It was erected in 1913 as a memorial to the Confederate alumni who lost their lives in the American Civil War and all students who joined the Confederate States Army. More than one thousand members of the university fought in the American Civil War in either the Northern or Southern armies, comprising at least 40% of the student body. The University remained open through the entire war. This was due to President Swain&#39;s policy of dependency on men unfit for combat. A bronze image on the front of the memorial depicts a young student dropping his books as he looks up to answer a call to duty. On the base of the statue, a woman meant to signify North Carolina is depicted advising students to fight for an important cause even if it means leaving their studies. The statue was erected to commemorate the 50 year anniversary of the beginning of the Civil War (1911).</p><br>
<p>The United Daughters of the Confederacy spent four years fundraising and hired Canadian sculptor John Wilson to create the statue. The statue cost the Daughters of the Confederacy $7,500 (converts to $185,443.94 in 2017).</p><br>
<p>Similar to the sculpture Wilson created of an unarmed Union soldier Daniel A. Bean, Wilson created a "silent" statue by not including a cartridge box on the Confederate soldier&#39;s belt so he cannot fire his gun. Like the Daniel A. Bean sculpture, Wilson used a northerner--Harold Langlois, a Boston man, as his model.</p><br>
<p>Wilson created a series of similar statues called the "Silent Sentinels." All were created in the North and then displayed in the South. Like these other statues, Silent Sam is positioned to face north towards the Union, rather than towards the Confederacy.</p><br>
<h2>Reactions</h2><br>
<p>According to research by W. Fitzhugh Brundage, who is the William B. Umstead Professor of History at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the purpose of this statue was clearly stated at its 1913 dedication. In his dedication speech, industrialist Julian Carr praised Confederate soldiers both for their wartime valor and their defense "of the Anglo Saxon race during the four years after the war" when "their courage and steadfastness saved the very life of the Anglo Saxon race in the South." The four years referred to the Ku Klux Klan&#39;s terrorizing of blacks and white Republicans who sought to change the white dominance in the south. Carr also boasted to the crowd that "one hundred yards from where we stand" soon after the defeat of the Confederate army "I horse whipped a negro wench until her skirts hung in shreds because she had maligned and insulted a Southern lady."</p><br>
<p>The Silent Sam statue has frequently been a source of controversy. It is seen by some as symbol of historical remembrance, while others view it as a sign of racial oppression. The monument has been a subject of controversy and a site of protest since the 1960s. In March 1965, a discussion about the monument&#39;s meaning and history occurred in the letters to the editor of the UNC student newspaper, the Daily Tar Heel.</p><br>
<p>In May 1967, poet John Beecher "debated" Silent Sam, reading to the statue from his book of poetry To Live and Die in Dixie.</p><br>
<p>Following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in April 1968, the monument was vandalized.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1970s, the monument was the site of several demonstrations by the Black Student Movement.</p><br>
<p>Students gathered by the statue to speak out after Los Angeles police officers were found not guilty in the 1992 Rodney King trial. In 1997, a Martin Luther King, Jr. Day march focused on issues facing UNC housekeepers ended at the monument. In July 2015, the statue was vandalized. The statue has been the focus of several protests, and many have called for its removal. A UNC history professor, Dr. Harry Watson, reported in a Daily Tar Heel article that he believes the monument is an important part of the campus history, but that the belief about the statue promotes a false idea about the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Following the Charlottesville incidents a crowd of several hundred people gathered in August 2017 around the statue to call for its removal. University officials are evaluating state law to determine if that is possible.</p><br>
<p>The Wilson Mountains ( are a group of mountains including Hjort Massif, rising to approximately 1,600 m to the west of Merz Peninsula, Black Coast, Palmer Land in Antarctica. The feature is bounded to the west by the Du Toit Mountains, to the north by Beaumont Glacier and Hilton Inlet, and to the south by Defant Glacier.</p><br>
<p>First photographed from the air by USAS, 1940. Mapped by USGS from U.S. Navy aerial photographs taken 1966-69. In association with the names of continental drift scientists grouped in this area, named by US-ACAN after John Tuzo Wilson (1908–93), Canadian geophysicist who visited Antarctica on US Navy Operation Deep Freeze, 1958. Wilson was professor of Geophysics, University of Toronto, 1946–74 and Director-General, Ontario Science Centre, 1974-85.</p><br>
<p>Lake Corangamite, a hypersaline endorheic lake, is located near Colac in the Lakes and Craters region of the Victorian Volcanic Plains of south-west Victoria, Australia. The lakes salinity levels have increased dramatically as the lake level has dropped in recent decades. It is Australias largest permanent saline lake, covering approximately 230 km&sup2; with a circumference of 150 km. It forms part of the Ramsar-listed Western District Lakes wetland site.</p><br>
<h2>Physical features and hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The waterbody is surrounded to the south and east by rocky outcrops (known locally as the stony rises) which were formed by lava flows from Mount Porndon to the south-west and Mount Warrion to the east. The spectacular Red Rock volcanic complex overlooks the south east shore at Alvie. The Mount Warrion flows caused the lake to form by blocking drainage to the east.</p><br>
<p>As is typical of lakes in the area, the eastern flanks of the lake consist of lunettes formed by wind borne sediments blown from the lake during periods with dry climates.</p><br>
<p>Flow into the lake is extremely variable and negligible in the driest years. Currently it is endorheic (there is no outflow) but during the wet decade of the 1950s the lake flooded and became connected via a series of wetlands and lakes to Lake Murdeduke and the Barwon River. It has never been completely dry since European settlement, and there it is evidence it was an open lake for centuries prior to the 1840s when rainfall and runoff were similar to those of the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The main inflows are from Pirron Yaloak Creek flowing from the Otway plains to the south, the Woady Yaloak River flowing from the flanks of the Victorian Midlands to the north, and Salt Creek flowing from the plains to the north-west. The Pirron Yaloak has high nutrient loads due to dairy farming in its catchment.</p><br>
<p>In response to the floods of the 1950s, the Woady Yaloak was diverted away from Lake Corangamite and into the Barwon River. The diversion is managed on the basis of a trigger level for the lake, above which the diversion is enacted. This has not occurred in recent years. Levels have been dropping for decades and it is possible that it will dry completely. In 1980 the salinity was approximately that of seawater and has since risen at least four times that of seawater.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Fish</h3><br>
<p>Aquatic fauna once included fish species such as short-finned eel, common galaxias, flat-headed gudgeon and small-mouth hardyhead. These may still survive in refuges such as Pirron Yaloak creek and various freshwater springs flowing from the stony rises on the south west side of the lake. Springs on the south east side have dried - possibly due to over exploitation of the Warrion Aquifer for irrigation. More recently the fauna included brine shrimp and a species of isopod.</p><br>
<h3>Birds</h3><br>
<p>In the past the lake has supported internationally significant numbers of banded stilts. The lake was previously an important breeding site for waterbirds. Most recently pelican colonies occurred at Wool Wool rocks and Vaughan Island. However, as water levels have dropped, prey have disappeared and foxes have gained access to the colonies, which have now been abandoned. After receiving substantial grants from the government to undertake conservation works, the owner of Vaugn Island used earth moving equipment to remove habitat such as rocks and remnant vegetation. The lake forms part of the Lake Corangamite Complex Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because it sometimes supports globally important numbers of waterbirds.</p><br>
<h2>World War II aircraft</h2><br>
<p>A crashed World War II RAAF Wirraway was discovered in June 2005 in Lake Corangamite. Heritage Victoria protects all aircraft crash sites over 50 years old as historic archaeological sites, and the RAAF was briefed on the find. The site was recently exposed by receding water levels in the lake and reported by Parks Victoria officers to Heritage Victoria. The site appears intact and remains mostly submerged. The plane is believed to be Wirraway A20-405, which crashed into Lake Corangamite, 400 m from shore, on 17 March 1943.</p><br>
<p>Chavriata  is a historical, hill-top village located 8 km outside of the town of Lixouri  west-southwest in the Paliki municipal unit on the Greek Ionian island of Kefalonia.</p><br>
<p>It is known as the "Balcony of the Ionian" owing to the commanding views it offers of both the fertile lowland and the sea. It is considered as the most beautiful and stunning village in the Paliki area also due to its intact local biodiversity and it is a popular destination for nature lovers and romantics.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Because of its strategic location, Chavriata has been the target of hostile takeovers throughout its long history. In the controversial book Odysseus Unbound, Paliki was identified as the ancient location of Ithaca, the homeland of Odysseus.</p><br>
<p>During the two World Wars, hundreds of villagers gave their lives and the local resistance movements were very active. The village was severely destroyed during the 1953 Ionian earthquake. For decades, the village used to operate as the hub of agricultural production and animal farming for the entire peninsula providing employment opportunities to thousands of people that would come to work in the local farms from very far away.</p><br>
<h2>Vikentios Damodos</h2><br>
<p>The renowned 18th century Greek philosopher Vikentios (Vincenzo) Damodos (1700–1752), son of a local aristocrat (Francesco Damodon), was born in the village and inaugurated a Philosophical and Theological School there upon its return from abroad. Under the conditions prevailing in the Ottoman Empire, all higher education had to be undertaken abroad. Damodos studied law in the Flaginian School in Venice and philosophy in the Collegio Veneto in Padova. Returning to his native village, he worked as a lawyer and he taught philosophy, rhetoric, and Greek literature for 32 years. He is considered one of the most influential Greek Renassainance figures and one of the prominent intellectuals and teachers of the period. He is the author of more than 140 works.</p><br>
<p>His considerable output of work on logic, rhetoric, physics, metaphysics, ethics and theology, printed in Athens as recently as 1940 and represented here. This work is still on traditional lines. That is to say, it relies, in its discussion of the nature, the subject-matter and the parts of moral philosophy, mainly on Aristotelian terms and concepts: the discussion of the summum bonum is, from this point of view, a relatively minor difference. For all that, and didactic though it is, the work stands on its own feet. It is reasoned, it pays careful attention to definition (for example, of various senses of good and of end ), it has something of its own to say about common sense as a kind of moral sense, and it hangs together. A section on the passions of the soul is obviously Cartesian in inspiration. Damodos&#39;s style is a pellucid, simple Greek, in strong contrast to the artificiality and archaism of Mavrokordatos, and the tortuosity of the third representative of this period, Eugenios Voulgaris.</p><br>
<p>Damodos was among the first Greek intellectuals that questioned the absolute power of men and priests in the local society and, contrary to the established practice, made use of a simplified idiom (predecessor to the modern Greek language-Dimotiki) in order to deliver his lectures to the local population in a much more effective and direct manner.Bobou-Stamati, Vasiliki</p><br>
<p>1998 BasilikÆ MpÒmpou-Stamãth, O Bik°ntiow DamodÒw: Biograf¤a-ergograf¤a</p><br>
<p>1700–1754 (Vikendios Damodos: His Life and Work). Athens: Morfotiko Idrima</p><br>
<p>Ethnikis Trapezis.</p><br>
<p>Imbued with the new ideas of the Western Enlightenment,he produced the first Greek handbook of dogmatic theology. This was an innovation in the Orthodox world, where previously, although “Confessions of Faith” had been produced on the Western</p><br>
<p>model in response to pressure from the West, there had not been any attempt at a systematic exposition of doctrine on rational principles. Damodos’s model was the Jesuit Denis Pétau’s De theologicis dogmatibus. While declaring his desire to follow “the God-bearing Fathers, and be guided by them” (Yannaras 2006, 101), Damodos reflects Western</p><br>
<p>intellectualism rather than a patristic outlook. Damodos’s Dogmatics only circulated in manuscript but it set the precedent for later works of the same kind by Eugenios Voulgaris and others, right up to the authoritative manuals of Christos Androutsos</p><br>
<p>(1907) and Panayiotis Trembelas (1959–1963).</p><br>
<p>One of the remotely controlled telescopes operated by the National Observatory for Education EUDOXOS has taken the name Vikendios Damodos (TVD) and it is a specially made Ritchey-Cretien 0.51m equatorial reflector. EUDOXOS is the oldest Greek center for Robotic Astronomy and the Official Observatory of the Secondary Education System of Greece and operates since 1999 at an altitude of 1040m on Mount Ainos in Kefallonia. In the relevant announcement in November 2007, the following was stated:</p><br>
<p>TVD honors the Cephalonian Humanitarian Vikendios Damodos from Havriata Pallis Kefalonia who created one of the earliest and most famous Greek original schools of Philosophy, Orthodox Theology and Physical Sciences of the 18th century, in his village in Kefalonia. As many Cephalonians did during the Venetian rule of the island, V. Damodos studied in the Universita di Padova and before his return he lectured in the Hellenic educational establishment of Venice.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>The majority of the population is farmers, producing olives, grapes (stafida) and vegetables in the fertile fields, numerous vineyards, fruit orchards and olive groves, surrounding the village. The wine produced in the area is of a rare Robola quality due to the fertile green valley of moshato grape vineyards located next to the village. The flat lands along with hills cover the area around Chavriata while the mountains dominate the northern part. Part of the area around the village is also characterised by strange alluvial outpourings of sandy, grey soil. These scrubby wastelands have little or no cultivation on them.</p><br>
<p>The village is generally renowned for its special intellect and several academics originate from there. Its inhabitants are people with a keen sense of humor, a great deal of creativity, and a long musical tradition. The local population speaks a particular idiom that uses a wide variety of terms of Italian origin.</p><br>
<p>One of the most successful business dynasties in the construction and car sale sectors in Western Greece originates from this unique village.</p><br>
<p>An impressive point about the village is that almost 90% of its inhabitants carry the same surname (Moschopoulos).</p><br>
<p>The village has experienced severe emigration, particularly to Canada and to the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Nearest places</h2><br>
<p>The nearest places are ordered clockwise</p><br>
<p>Chavdata, north west</p><br>
<p>Vouni, east</p><br>
<p>Monastery of Kipoureon (west)</p><br>
<h2>Moni Kipoureon</h2><br>
<p>About 1 km further on the road forks, one can find the impressive Holy Moni Kipoureon (Kipouria) which offers a scenic view of the Ionian Sea especially during the sunset. The landscape of the Monastery is reminiscent of the "Caroulia" of Mount Athos. This in combination with its spiritual treasures makes the Monastery an attraction for visitors.</p><br>
<p>Its location is on a precipitous bluff that juts out over the deep blue sea (700m over the sea). The last and only monk, father Eusevios, that still lives there welcomes its visitors offering them local specialities. He has rebuilt most of the monastery buildings by himself, from the early 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The Monastery was built in the 17th century on the edge of a vertical solid rocky cliff high above the sea and owes its name to the numerous gardens in the area (kipos-garden). The founder of the Monastery was the Paxian Monk Chrisanthos Petropoulos and it is dedicated to the Annunciation of the Virgin. In a short period of time, it became a monk Monastery with the monk population reaching 80 in its peak years. Many distinguished clergymen emerged from this Monastery. Local earthquakes destroyed the monastery several times. In 1915 a French cruiser bombed the Monastery, mistaking its smoking chimney for an enemy vessel.</p><br>
<p>Within the Monastery one can worship the miraculous icon of the Annunciation as well as the sculls of the fouders of the Monastery, Chrisanthos, Konstantios and Efronios. A piece of the Holy Cross offered to the Monastery by the Russian Prince Vladimiros Dolgoroukis in 1862 is also kept in the Monastery. An elegant glass jar holds St Dimitrios&#39; Myrovlitos holy myron from the 7th AC century.</p><br>
<p>One can also worship various Saints relics as well as saint Paraskevis miraculous icon, a unique treasure of the destroyed Tafios Monastery. Holy relics, rare post-Renassaince, post-Byzantive and Italian-Cretan icons and items of faith can be found in the church which was built within the monastery area.</p><br>
<h2>Gerogompos Lighthouse</h2><br>
<p>At a crossing after the village of Havriata, on a country lane that looks a lot like a tundra with no trees, only stones, shrub and a constant wind, at the most western part of Greece, one can find a historical, well-designed lighthouse of international value. It is located southwest of the village which is near Cape Gerogompos.</p><br>
<p>It was manufactured in 1907 by British engineers and played an important role especially during the Second World War. It was destroyed by the German troops at their retirement from the island and was rebuilt in 1947. The altitude of the tower is 13 metres and it has 58-metre radius of light. It used to belong to the Greek Navy and access to its premises used to be prohibited but nowadays it operates automatically.</p><br>
<p>The Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves is a complex of Buddhist cave grottos dating from the 5th to 14th century between the cities of Turpan and Shanshan  at the north-east of the Taklamakan Desert near the ancient ruins of Gaochang in the Mutou Valley, a gorge in the Flaming Mountains, China. They are high on the cliffs of the west Mutou Valley under the Flaming Mountains, and most of the surviving caves date from the West Uyghur kingdom around the 10th to 13th centuries.</p><br>
<h2>Bezeklik murals</h2><br>
<p>There are 77 rock-cut caves at the site. Most have rectangular spaces with rounded arch ceilings often divided into four sections, each with a mural of the Buddha. The effect is of entire ceiling covers with hundreds of Buddha murals. Some murals show a large Buddha surrounded by other figures, including Turks, Indians and Europeans. The quality of the murals vary with some being artistically naive while others are masterpieces of religious art. The murals that best represent the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves are the large-sized murals, which were given the name the "Praņidhi Scene", paintings depicting Sakyamuni’s "promise" or "praņidhi" from his past life.</p><br>
<p>Professor James A. Millward described the original Uyghurs as physically Mongoloid, giving as an example the images in Bezeklik at temple 9 of the Uyghur patrons, until they began to mix with the Tarim Basin&#39;s original Indo-European Tocharian inhabitants. Buddhist Uyghurs created the Bezeklik murals. However, Peter B. Golden writes that the Uyghurs not only adopted the writing system and religious faiths of the Indo-European Sogdians, such as Manichaeism, Buddhism, and Christianity, but also looked to the Sogdians as "mentors" while gradually replacing them in their roles as Silk Road traders and purveyors of culture. Indeed, Sogdians wearing silk robes are seen in the praṇidhi scenes of Bezeklik murals, particularly Scene 6 from Temple 9 showing Sogdian donors to the Buddha.</p><br>
<p>The Buddhist Uyghurs of the Kingdom of Qocho and Turfan were converted to Islam by conquest during a ghazat (holy war) at the hands of the Muslim Chagatai Khanate ruler Khizr Khoja (r. 1389-1399).</p><br>
<p>After being converted to Islam, the descendants of the previously Buddhist Uyghurs in Turfan failed to retain memory of their ancestral legacy and falsely believed that the "infidel Kalmuks" (Dzungars) were the ones who built Buddhist monuments in their area.</p><br>
<p>Anti portrait Muslims had Buddhist portraits obliterated during the wars over hundreds of years in which Buddhism was replaced by Islam. Cherrypicking of history of Xinjiang with the intention of projecting an image of irreligiousity or piousness of Islam in Uyghur culture has been done by people with agendas. Michael Dillon wrote that the 1000s-1100s Islam-Buddhist war are still recalled in the forms of the Khotan Imam Asim Sufi shrine celebration and other Sufi holy site celebrations. Bezeklik&#39;s Thousand Buddha Caves are an example of the religiously motivated vandalism against portraits of religious and human figures.</p><br>
<p>The murals at Bezeklik have suffered considerable damage. Many of the murals were damaged by local Muslim population whose religion proscribed figurative images of sentient beings, the eyes and mouths in particular were often gouged out. Pieces of murals were also broken off for use as fertilizer by the locals. During the late nineteen and early twentieth century, European and Japanese explorers found intact murals buried in sand, and many were removed and dispersed around the world. Some of the best preserved murals were removed by German explorer Albert von Le Coq and sent to Germany. Large pieces such as those showing Praņidhi scene were permanently fixed to walls in Museum of Ethnology in Berlin. During the Second World War they could not be removed for safekeeping, and were thus destroyed when the museum was caught in the bombing of Berlin by the Allies. Other pieces may now be found in various museums around the world, such as the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Tokyo National Museum in Japan, the British Museum in London, and the national museums of Korea and India.</p><br>
<p>A digital recreation of the Bezeklik murals removed by explorers was shown in Japan.</p><br>
<p>The Hahnenkamm is a mountain in Europe, directly southwest of Kitzbühel in the Kitzbühel Alps of Austria. The elevation of its summit is 1,712 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The Hahnenkamm (German: roosters comb) is part of the ski resort of Kitzbühel, and hosts the annual World Cup alpine ski races, the Hahnenkammrennen. The most famous slope on the Hahnenkamm is the classic downhill course, the Streif (streak, or stripe), which is regarded as the most demanding race course on the World Cup circuit. The course features highly technical, "fall-away" turns (reverse bank), many with limited visibility. It also contains several flat gliding sections, immediately preceded by difficult turns, placing a premium on both technical and gliding skills. A run on the mountains northeast face, the Streif course, is mostly in the shade in January. It is usually overcast and coupled with fog, the result being "flat" lighting which compounds the course&#39;s difficulty.</p><br>
<h2>Hahnenkamm race</h2><br>
<p>The Hahnenkammrennen are the annual races, held since 1931 and a fixture of the men&#39;s World Cup since its inception in the 1967 season. The races were originally held in March, and sometimes in early February (1949 & 1951). Beginning in 1953, the races at Kitzbühel have been held in mid to late January, often the week following the Lauberhorn in Wengen, Switzerland, another classic downhill.</p><br>
<p>Since 1959, the race has been broadcast on Austrian television.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, as well as in 2008, the total prize money was €550,000.</p><br>
<p>The Hahnenkamm races are currently held in the following disciplines:</p><br>
<p>Super-G on the Streifalm, on Friday</p><br>
<p>Downhill on the Streif, on Saturday</p><br>
<p>Slalom on the Ganslernhang, on Sunday</p><br>
<p>Traditionally, the winner of the Hahnenkamm race was determined by the combined results of the downhill and slalom competitions. During the World Cup era, the man most likely to be referred to as Hahnenkammsieger (champion) is the winner of the prestigious downhill race.</p><br>
<p>The Super-G made its debut at Kitzbühel in 1995, and returned as a regular event in 2000, scheduled the day before the downhill.</p><br>
<p>Because of challenging weather conditions in January at the top of the mountain, the downhill course is often not run in its entirety. In the decade of 2000–09, the Streif full course was run in only four of the ten years (2001, 2002, 2004, & 2009). Unfortunately, this often eliminates one of the most exciting jumps in ski racing, the Mausefalle (mousetrap), seconds from the top of the course. The competitors reach high speeds quickly out of the starting gate on the Startschuss and fly up to 80 m off the steep jump. Upon landing the racers experience a severe compression immediately followed by a sharp left turn, often negotiated unsuccessfully. Speeds entering the turn are 75 -.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, morning fog at the top of the course forced race organizers to lower the start 115 m to the middle of the Karusell (carousel), below the Mausefalle. This shortened the length of the course by 347 m. The downhill race was cancelled in 2005 and 2007.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, strong upwinds at the Mausefalle caused race officials to lower the start 50 m, shortening the course by 100 m. This eliminated most of the Startschuss and its instantaneous speed; the Mausefalle was accordingly altered to a speed-inducing pitch, rather than a formidable jump and compression. Though Didier Cuche won the race, the 2008 edition is likely best remembered for the high-speed crash of Scott Macartney on the Zielsprung, seconds before the finish, as well as Bode Miller tying for second with Mario Scheiber after riding the safety fencing in the Steilhang section.</p><br>
<p>The full course returned in 2009, for the first time in five years, with Didier Défago of Switzerland winning the race. In addition to having the fastest time, he also had the highest speed on the Zielschuss at 88.4 mph. It was the second consecutive downhill victory for Défago; he won the Lauberhorn downhill the previous week at Wengen to join a handful of skiers to win both classic races in consecutive weeks. It was last accomplished by Stephan Eberharter of Austria in 2002 and had been 17 years since a Swiss racer won both (1992 - Franz Heinzer). The final training run on Thursday saw the serious crash of Swiss racer Daniel Albrecht, again at the Zielsprung. It resulted in a three-week coma and Albrecht&#39;s absence from the World Cup circuit for the remainder of the 2009 season and the entire 2010 season.</p><br>
<p>The full course was run in 2010 under clear skies and again won by Didier Cuche, who had also won the Super-G the previous day. The only significant crash was by former champion Michael Walchhofer, who twisted into the net fence at the final left turn, less than 20 seconds from the finish; he was quickly back on his feet. Cuche&#39;s downhill victory was his third on the Streif, his first was in 1998 on a Friday "extra" race. The Zielsprung was significantly moderated in 2010 due to the serious accidents the previous two years.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, Didier Cuche won the Hahnenkamm downhill for the fourth time to tie the record with Franz Klammer. A year later, and two days after announcing his retirement at the end of the season, Cuche claimed his third consecutive downhill victory at Kitzbühel and a record fifth total.</p><br>
<p>Dominik Paris claimed the title in 2013 to become the second winner from Italy and the first in fifteen years.</p><br>
<p>Due to lack of snow in 2014, the lower course was altered. The dramatic Querfahrt sidehill traverse and speed-inducing Zielschuss were bypassed; the racers detoured toward the Ganslern slalom slope, then rejoined the course for the final Rasmusleitn. This extended the overall length by 182 m to 3.494 km and reduced the finishing speed. Hannes Reichelt was the first winner from Austria in eight years.</p><br>
<p>Upper mountain fog in 2015 forced the start to the Seidlalm jump, the lowest in history. Kjetil Jansrud of Norway won in less than a minute on the lower 50% of the course.</p><br>
<p>High winds in 2016 lowered the start 40 m to the top of Mausefalle. On the full course in 2017, Paris became a two-time winner.</p><br>
<h3>Course sections</h3><br>
<p>Sections of the Streif downhill course include:</p><br>
<p>Startschuss</p><br>
<p>Mausefalle (mousetrap) - jump, compression, and left turn</p><br>
<p>Karusell (carousel) - S turns</p><br>
<p>Steilhang - (steep slope) - extended technical right turn, entrance to the flats</p><br>
<p>Brückenschuss & Gschöss - gliding flats</p><br>
<p>Alte Schneise (old corridor)</p><br>
<p>Seidlalmsprung (jump at Seidlalm) - introduced in 1994</p><br>
<p>Lärchenschuss - gliding among larch trees</p><br>
<p>Hausberg (local mountain) - jump & sharp left corner</p><br>
<p>Querfahrt (traverse) - a rough sidehill of glaring ice</p><br>
<p>Zielschuss (with compression & jump) - speeds over 140 km/h</p><br>
<p>Rasmusleitn to the finish (Ziel).</p><br>
<h3>Facts and figures</h3><br>
<p>The length of the Streif course is 3.312 km.</p><br>
<p>The starting gate is at an elevation of 1,665 m above sea level;the Streif vertically descends 860 m to the finish at 805 m.</p><br>
<p>The average grade of the course is 27 percent (15.1 degrees).</p><br>
<p>The maximum grade is 85% (40.4°) at the Mausefalle; minimum is 2% (1.1°)</p><br>
<p>The record for the full 3.3 km course was set in 1997 by Fritz Strobl of Austria at 1:51.58, an average speed of 106.9 km/h, and an average vertical descent rate of 7.7 m/s (25.3 ft/sec).</p><br>
<p>The first non-European to win a downhill race at Kitzbühel in the World Cup era was Ken Read of Canada in 1980. Previously, the only non-European champion was Buddy Werner of the USA, who won in 1959 at age 22. Canadians won races four consecutive years from 1980–83; the only non-European winner since is Daron Rahlves of the USA, who prevailed on an abbreviated course of 2.0 km due to fog in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Four victories have gone to Scandinavians, all from Norway. Atle Skårdal was the first in 1990 and Lasse Kjus won twice, in 1999 and 2004; both of Kjus&#39; victories were "extra" races, held on Friday and Thursday, respectively. Kjetil Jansrud won on a shortened course in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Streif course was one of several featured in the 1969 movie Downhill Racer, starring Robert Redford and Gene Hackman. It was shown as itself and later as the Olympic course, with race footage from the 1969 race.</p><br>
<p>The Streif course was first used in 1937; eight years without Hahnenkamm races followed (1938–45) until the return in 1946.</p><br>
<p>Since returning in 1946, the downhill races have been run in all but eight years: 1952, 1964, 1970, 1971, 1988, 1993, 2005, & 2007.</p><br>
<h3>Downhill champions</h3><br>
<p>The following is a list of Hahnenkamm downhill winners, with their winning times:</p><br>
<p>pre-World Cup era</p><br>
<p>Each downhill champion&#39;s name is affixed to a gondola car on the Hahnenkammbahn lift,which extends from the Kitzbühel base to the top of the Hahnenkamm mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Videos</h2><br>
<p>- 1981 race live - 18-Jan-1981</p><br>
<p>- 1981 race - crashes only</p><br>
<p>- Franz Klammer, age 30, wins his 4th Hahnenkamm on full course - 21-Jan-1984</p><br>
<p>- career-ending crash of Todd Brooker, 1983 winner, at top of Zielschuss, Friday training run - 24-Jan-1987</p><br>
<p>- Kristian Ghedina on full course - spread eagles at Zielsprung - 6th place - 24-Jan-2004</p><br>
<p>- Hermann Maier on full course - 9th place - 24-Jan-2004</p><br>
<p>- 2004 race coverage from ORF (Austrian Broadcasting) - 24-Jan-2004</p><br>
<p>- Bode Miller skis onto fence exiting Steilhang, takes 2nd - 19-Jan-2008</p><br>
<p>- crash of Scott Macartney at Zielsprung, takes 33rd - 19-Jan-2008</p><br>
<p>- crash of Daniel Albrecht at Zielsprung - Thursday training run - 22-Jan-2009</p><br>
<p>- Didier Défago wins 2009 Hahnenkamm on full course - 24-Jan-2009</p><br>
<p>- crash of Hans Grugger at Mausefalle - Thursday training run - 20-Jan-2011</p><br>
<h2>Various - Vertical Up</h2><br>
<p>In the evening dawn of 25. February 2011 the first Streif VerticalUp race took place with a mass start. No rules, just up the route of the ski race, but in the "rucksack-class" up the less steep family ski piste. 79 in the speed class and 116 with rucksack reaches the goal: the start booth of the ski race. On shoes with spikes, with pickel or ski sticks, snow shoes, touring or cross-country skis, whatever.</p><br>
<p>The fastest man (Urban Zemmer (ITA) 0h32:52) and the second fastest as well as the fastest woman (Barbara Exenberger (AUT) - 0h54:47) have all been in sub-class "over40" and used touring skis. See http://www.verticalup.at/.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, after Frying Pan Lake in New Zealand and Boiling Lake in Dominica. It is located in the Midway Geyser Basin.</p><br>
<p>Grand Prismatic Spring was noted by geologists working in the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871, and named by them for its striking coloration. Its colors match the rainbow dispersion of white light by an optical prism: red, orange, yellow, green, and blue.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first records of the spring are from early European explorers and surveyors. In 1839, a group of fur trappers from the American Fur Company crossed the Midway Geyser Basin and made note of a "boiling lake", most likely the Grand Prismatic Spring, with a diameter of 300 ft. In 1870 the Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition visited the spring, noting a 50 ft geyser nearby (later named Excelsior).</p><br>
<h2>Color</h2><br>
<p>The vivid colors in the spring are the result of microbial mats around the edges of the mineral-rich water. The mats produce colors ranging from green to red; the amount of color in the microbial mats depends on the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoids and on the temperature gradient in the runoff. In the summer, the mats tend to be orange and red, whereas in the winter the mats are usually dark green. The center of the pool is sterile due to extreme heat.</p><br>
<p>The deep blue color of the water in the center of the pool results from the intrinsic blue color of water. The effect is strongest in the center of the spring, because of its sterility and depth.</p><br>
<h2>Physical structure</h2><br>
<p>The spring is approximately 370 ft in diameter and is 160 ft deep. The spring discharges an estimated 560 USgal of 160 &deg;F water per minute.</p><br>
<p>Anderson Island is the southernmost island in Puget Sound and a census-designated place of Pierce County, Washington, United States. It is accessible by boat or a 20-minute ferry ride from Steilacoom. Anderson Island lies just south of McNeil Island. To the northwest Key Peninsula lies across Drayton Passage. The south basin of Puget Sound separates the island from the mainland to the southeast, while to the southwest the Nisqually Reach of Puget Sound separates the island from the mainland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Anderson Island has a land area of 7.75 square miles, and reported a population of 1,037 persons as of the 2010 census. The island had been a retirement destination since the late 1960s, with a median age of 54 years (for comparison, the median age of Washington state as a whole is 37 years). The population booms every summer to approximately 4,000. The Island is also home to a sizable population of deer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1870, Andrew N. Christensen, a Dane, and his brother, Christian F. Christensen, were the first European settlers to stay at the island. Andrew&#39;s wife had a strong hand in the development of the island community. Christian was the only Christensen brother to reside permanently on Anderson Island. The primary industry was the sale of wood to the wood-burning steamers that came into Amsterdam Bay. Other early industries included brick making, farming and fishing.</p><br>
<p>The only on the island is run by Dr. and Mrs. Lake of Steilacoom.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, National Recreational Properties, Inc. of Irvine, California purchased more than 400 vacant lots on the island, paying roughly $4,000 to $7,000 per lot. They created an infomercial and sold to out-of-state investors, mostly from California. Residents speculated that the lots would be sold for about $25,000. Eventually more than 300 lots were sold, most selling for over $40,000.</p><br>
<h2>Ferry</h2><br>
<p>Accessible only by ferry or private boat, Anderson Island is served by the Steilacoom / Anderson Island / Ketron Island run, the only ferry run belonging to Pierce County. The ferry Steilacoom II was put into service in January 2007 to work with the aging ferry Christine Anderson. The ferry runs many times per day, starting at 5:45 in the morning, and going to 10:30 pm on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays (8:00 pm other nights).</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>The Anderson Island Citizens Advisory Board (AICAB) is a governing advisory board reporting to the Pierce County Council, established by the Pierce County Council in 2004. Examples of its past actions include banning of boats with internal combustion engines from Lake Josephine, road repair and speed recommendations, as well as other matters common to governing Anderson Island.</p><br>
<p>Fire District #27 and the Anderson Island Parks District are taxing districts that serve only Anderson Island.</p><br>
<p>The Steilacoom Historical School District serves Anderson Island. Children in grades K–5 attend school on the island, while children in grades 6–12 commute to the mainland each day. The Anderson Island School is designated a "remote and necessary" school by the State of Washington, and is one of the few remaining such schools in the state.</p><br>
<p>Tanner Electric Co-op provides electrical power to Anderson Island via a submarine cable. It extends across Nisqually Reach on the south end of the island and was replaced in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Law enforcement is provided by the Pierce County Sheriff&#39;s office.</p><br>
<h2>Media</h2><br>
<p>The Island Sounder, published by the Anderson Island Association, is the island&#39;s monthly newsletter. The News Tribune from Tacoma is available to subscribers.</p><br>
<p>In the movie WarGames, Matthew Broderick and Ally Sheedy take a ferry to Anderson Island, named "Goose Island, Oregon" in the film. They go to a log cabin owned by a person called "Stephen Falken."</p><br>
<p>The Grange is a historic Georgian manor in downtown Toronto, Ontario. It was the first home of the Art Museum of Toronto. Today, it is part of the Art Gallery of Ontario. The structure was built in 1817, making it the 12th oldest surviving building in Toronto and the oldest remaining brick house. It was built for DArcy Boulton , one of the towns leading citizens and part of the powerful Boulton family that played an important role in the Family Compact. Originally, it was considerably west of the city, but over time, the city grew and Boulton sold his considerable land holdings surrounding the manor at great profit.</p><br>
<p>The house was inherited by DArcys son and Toronto mayor, William Henry Boulton. When he died in 1874, the house passed to his widow, Hariette Boulton. She remarried the prominent scholar Goldwin Smith, and the couple lived in The Grange for the rest of their lives. Upon Goldwins Smiths death in 1910, the couple bequeathed the building to the Art Museum of Toronto (now known as the Art Gallery of Ontario) and The Grange became the new home of the gallery. The building also served as the first home of the Ontario College of Art and Design, now OCAD University. Since the early 20th century, the Art Gallery of Ontario has been expanded a number of times and the original manor makes up only a small part of the structure.</p><br>
<p>The expanse of lawn to the south of the building, what is left of the grounds, is operated by the city as Grange Park. Also on the old grounds is St. George Church, which was founded by the Boultons and which burned down in 1956. Only the tower and original Sunday school building remain.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, The Grange was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in recognition of the house&#39;s significance to the history of Toronto.</p><br>
<h2>The original house</h2><br>
<p>The Grange was built in 1817 as the home of DArcy Boulton (1785–1846; son of G. DArcy Boulton), his wife, Sarah Anne, and their eight children. It was located on 100 acres (40 ha) of land that extended from Queen Street in the south to Bloor Street in the north and from Beverley Street east to McCaul Street. The north section of the property was sold to Bishop Strachan in 1828, to be used for the establishment of King’s College, an Anglican university. Property to the south was donated in the 1830s and 1840s for St. George the Martyr Church and St. Patrick&#39;s Market, both still in existence.</p><br>
<p>The original house, designed by an unknown architect, was two storeys high, 60 by 40 feet (18 m × 12 m) in area, with a low hipped roof containing a circular window. It is likely that the bricks were made on the property from the heavily clayed soil. The windows are double-hung with brick lintels and louvered wooden shutters. They are 12-over-12 sash on the main floor and 8-over-8 sash on the second. The front door has a moulded reveal and a semi-circular fanlight, with separate sidelights. Originally, the gate of the building extended to Queen Street, however the gates have been crowded back to the head of John Street. As was the custom at the time, The Grange was built in the middle of a hundred-acre park lot. It received the name "The Grange" after a family estate in England.</p><br>
<p>Reflecting a sense of Georgian balance, the front door opened onto a central hall with the dining room on the left and the drawing room on the right. At the back of the house and on the second floor were bedrooms for the family. There were also four large rooms in the attic, probably for the servants. The kitchen, food storage areas and scullery were in the basement.</p><br>
<p>When D’Arcy died, the house was left to Sarah Anne. She put the house and the land around it in trust for her daughter-in-law, Harriette, as a marriage settlement. Thus, the house was under Harriette’s control and it was Harriette who bequeathed the house to the Art Museum of Toronto.</p><br>
<h2>The 1840s addition</h2><br>
<p>In the 1840s, several additions were made to the house, possibly because there had been a fire (this is difficult to confirm). These changes included the enlargement of the drawing room; the elimination of three bedrooms to create a large second-floor assembly room; and an addition on the west end to house an office. William Boulton, who was mayor of Toronto four times and a Member of Parliament, might have needed such a space. The front hall was also enlarged and a new central staircase installed. The painted glass window depicting the family crest was also added. This crest is a visual play on the name Boulton, as it shows a barrel pierced by an arrow, or bolt, with a hogshead of wine or tun. The family motto — "Dux vitae ratio" ("The guide to life is reason") — rests below the crest, always reminding the Boultons of their British ancestry.</p><br>
<p>William, the secretary of the Turf Club, built St. Leger Race Course to the north.</p><br>
<h2>The 1885 additions</h2><br>
<p>With the marriage of Harriette Boulton to her second husband, Goldwin Smith, more additions to the house were undertaken. Smith was a scholar and a large library was added to the west of the house. The Georgian-style staircase was replaced with an angular Victorian-style oak stair that skirted the painted window. The wooden front porch was replaced with a stone version.</p><br>
<h2>The gardens</h2><br>
<p>Originally, there was a path running up to the front steps, with an oval drive around the front lawn. The house stood on raised ground with terraces, as it does today. Around it was a mix of open spaces, stands of trees and flower gardens. Behind the house were vegetable and fruit gardens and, farther north, an orchard. The front lawn of The Grange, now known as The Grange Park, was central to Grange activities. This was the site for many garden parties, church school picnics and even a royal visit.</p><br>
<p>Several images of The Grange show a domed glass conservatory on the east side of the house, which would have been filled with plants readily available from catalogues. One 1827 catalogue advertised 79 varieties of apple among other fruit and ornamental trees, as well as a wide variety of shrubs, flowers and greenhouse plants. We know that there was an orchard house on the property growing peaches, nectarines and grapes. William Boulton won prizes at the 1844 Toronto Horticultural Society Show for geraniums, roses, greenhouse plants and pansies. The gardener, John Gray, named a geranium he developed Pelargonium boultonianum after the Boultons.</p><br>
<p>With the sale of the southern part of the property in the mid-19th century, a new entrance to The Grange was created, which included a lodge — home to William Chin, the butler, and his family. Other buildings included a stable, a root house, a tool house and a drive shed. Later in the century, cottages for married servants were also erected.</p><br>
<h2>The Boultons</h2><br>
<p>Sarah Anne Robinson was born in Lower Canada in 1789 to a loyalist family who had previously moved north from Virginia after the American Revolution. D’Arcy Boulton, in contrast, immigrated to Canada in 1797 when he was 12 years old. The two met through Sara Anne’s older brother Peter Robinson and settled at The Grange (so named for the Boulton family estate in Lincolnshire, England) in 1817.</p><br>
<p>Sarah Anne quickly established herself as a superior hostess and The Grange became a central site for the social and political happenings of early Toronto. Over the course of their lives, the Boultons had eight children. D’Arcy Boulton made his living running a dry good store and obtaining three governments posts. He died in 1846 after a rough decade of family deaths, a cholera epidemic and financial strain. The head of the household was now his eldest son, William Henry Boulton.</p><br>
<p>Over the course of his life William was mayor of Toronto three times in 1845, 1846, 1847 and was a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada. In 1846, William married Harriette Mann Dixon from Boston, yet the couple never had any children. William, however, was fond of gambling and Harriette and her mother-in-law, Sarah Anne, spent much time trying to keep The Grange in Boulton hands. William died in 1874, leaving Harriette as the sole owner of The Grange.</p><br>
<h2>The Smiths</h2><br>
<p>In 1875, Harriette married Goldwin Smith, British scholar and political writer. Goldwin Smith was once regius professor of history at Oxford University and personal tutor to the Prince of Wales. However, he decided to settle in Toronto in 1871. Smith was a proud supporter of the arts in Toronto and founded journals and encouraged young artists to paint Canadian subjects. The couple lived happily in The Grange until their deaths in 1909 (Harriette) and 1910 (Goldwin).</p><br>
<h2>The Grange as an art museum</h2><br>
<p>By the turn of the 20th century, it was decided that Toronto should have an art gallery, much like many other major cities at the time (the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, etc.) By 1900, local artist George Reid was the president of the Ontario Society of Artists and was pushing for the creation of an art gallery. Between Reid and Edmund Walker (prominent banker and champion of the arts), a campaign was established to raise money for the gallery scheme. In 1902, the Smiths joined the cause and decided to bequeath The Grange as the first location of the Art Museum of Toronto. It wasn’t until 1913 that the museum held its first exhibition, composed of Smith’s own collection. By 1966, The Art Museum of Toronto was renamed the Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO) and The Grange now sits on the south side of the larger AGO building.</p><br>
<h2>1960s restoration</h2><br>
<p>From the early days of the Art Museum of Toronto until the restoration of the 1960s, The Grange underwent a variety of changes, including electrification and the inclusion of an apartment for a live-in caretaker. In 1918 and 1926 respectively, additional gallery wings were added to the AGO and several rooms in The Grange were used as staff offices. A tea room was also established in the drawing room and breakfast parlour.</p><br>
<p>By the 1960s, the AGO was once again expanding, therefore forging a new path for The Grange. This was a time in Ontario of increased interest in heritage preservation and so the Junior Women&#39;s Committee raised $650 000 for a restoration project. This money was used to restore The Grange to how it would have looked in 1835. In 1970, The Grange was named a National Historic Site of Canada. Designated by the City of Toronto under the Ontario Heritage Act by By-law 130-91</p><br>
<h2>The Grange today</h2><br>
<p>Today, The Grange houses the Norma Ridley Members’ Lounge and exhibit spaces. While it is no longer furnished as a historic house depicting the 1830s, it retains its historic roots and architectural integrity. Visitors to the AGO are free to enjoy The Grange and explore the exhibits, take a tour, and speak to a volunteer about The Grange history.</p><br>
<p>The Judaean Mountains, or Judaean Hills , is a mountain range in Israel and the West Bank where Jerusalem and several other biblical cities are located. The mountains reach a height of 1,026 m. The Judean Mountains can be separated to a number of sub-regions, including the Mount Hebron ridge, the Jerusalem ridge and the Judean slopes. These mountains formed the heartland of the Kingdom of Judah, where the earliest Jewish settlements emerged.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The range runs in a north south direction from Galilee to the Negev with an average height of 900 m. The Judaean mountains encompass Jerusalem, Hebron, Bethlehem and Ramallah. The range forms a natural division between the Shephelah coastal plains to the west and the Jordan Rift Valley to the east. The northern section, in the Ramallah area, is also known as Samarian Hills, while the middle section is also referred to as Jerusalem Hills.</p><br>
<p>The Judaean Mountains were heavily forested in antiquity. The range is mostly composed of terra rossa soils over hard limestones.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and history</h2><br>
<p>The Judaean Mountains are the surface expression of a series of monoclinic folds which trend north-northwest through Israel. The folding is the central expression of the Syrian Arc belt of anticlinal folding that began in the Late Cretaceous Period in northeast Africa and southwest Asia. The Syrian Arc extends east-northeast across the Sinai, turns north-northeast through Israel and continues the east-northeast trend into Syria. The Israeli segment parallels the Dead Sea Transform which lies just to the east. The uplift events that created the mountain occurred in two phases one in the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene and second in the Early Miocene.</p><br>
<p>In prehistoric times, animals no longer found in the Levant region were found here, including elephants, rhinoceri, giraffes and wild Asian water buffalo.</p><br>
<p>The range has karst topography including a stalactite cave in Nahal Sorek National Park between Jerusalem and Beit Shemesh and the area surrounding Ofra, where fossils of prehistoric flora and fauna were found.</p><br>
<p>In ancient times the Judean mountains were the allotment of the Tribe of Judah and the heartland of the former Kingdom of Judah.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>An Israel Railways line runs from Beit Shemesh along the Brook of Sorek and Valley of Rephaim into Jerusalem Malha Train Station.</p><br>
<p>Maria Island is a mountainous island located in the Tasman Sea, off the east coast of Tasmania, Australia. The 115.5 km&sup2; island is contained within the Maria Island National Park, which includes a marine area of 18.78 km&sup2; off the island&#39;s northwest coast. The island is about 20 km in length from north to south and, at its widest, is about 13 km west to east. At its closest point, Point Lesueur, the island lies approximately 4 km off the east coast of Tasmania.</p><br>
<p>Tasmanians pronounce the name, as did the early British settlers but the original pronunciation was. The island was named in 1642 by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman after Maria van Diemen (née van Aelst), wife of Anthony van Diemen, the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies in Batavia. The island was known as Maria&#39;s Isle in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Local community and economy</h2><br>
<p>The strait between Maria Island and the east coast of mainland Tasmania is called Mercury Passage and was named after the ship HMS Mercury, commanded by John Henry Cox, who charted the area in 1789. There are two towns of size in this part of the East Coast: Orford at the mouth of the Prosser River and Triabunna, some 8 km further north at the head of Spring Bay.</p><br>
<p>There is one town on Maria Island, called Darlington. It lies near the northern tip of the island. Darlington has many wonderful old buildings and it has no permanent inhabitants other than a few park rangers. During the summer holiday period, up to several hundred tourists visit the island. Tourism is important to the local economy. In nearby Triabunna other major industries are fishing, forestry and farming.</p><br>
<p>Rock lobster (known locally as crayfish), scalefish, scallops and abalone are taken near the island by both commercial and recreational fishermen, and mussels are farmed in Mercury Passage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Aborigines</h3><br>
<p>Maria Island has a rich history. Before the colonial era, Aboriginal people of the Tyreddeme band of the Oyster Bay tribe journeyed regularly to the island and much evidence of their presence remains, particularly around the bays on either side of the islands isthmus. In 1802 the French expedition led by Nicolas Baudin encountered the Aboriginal people of Maria Island, as did the whalers of the early 19th century. René Maugé, the zoologist on Baudins expedition, was buried on Point Maugé on south Maria Island.</p><br>
<h3>Convicts</h3><br>
<p>For two periods during the first half of the 19th century, Maria Island hosted convict settlements. The islands first convict era was between 1825 and 1832 and its second - the probation station era - between 1842 and 1851. Among those held during the second era was the Irish nationalist leader William Smith OBrien, exiled for his part in the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848. His cottage still exists in the nearby former penal colony Port Arthur to where he was deported after his time on Maria Island. He was later transferred to New Norfolk on the Derwent River upstream of Hobart.</p><br>
<p>Three structures from the first convict era remain in the Darlington area: the Commissariat Store built in 1825 and presently used as the parks reception and visitor centre; the convict penitentiary, completed in 1828 and now used to accommodate visitors rather than detain them; and the convict-built dam on Bernacchis Creek, which still provides Darlingtons water.</p><br>
<h3>Industry and farming</h3><br>
<p>From the 1880s, the Italian entrepreneur Diego Bernacchi set up island enterprises including silk and wine production and a cement factory, quarrying limestone deposits at the Fossil Cliffs for the raw material. A substantial cement works was built in the early 1920s at Darlington with a 2 ft gauge tramway linking the quarries to the cement works and a new jetty. At the height of its fortunes in the early 20th century, Darlington had hundreds of residents and several hotels. By July 1930 all of these ventures had failed for a number of reasons including the Great Depression, poor quality limestone and competition from mainland producers, who were not burdened with high costs of transportation.</p><br>
<p>For a period of 40 years until the late 1960s the island was dominated by farming. The South Island was farmed by John Robey, a South African, with his wife Hilda. Robeys Farm is located on the west side of the south island, and although essentially complete in a "just walked away" fashion as late as the early 1980s, the location has since been extensively vandalised, and the farmhouse further damaged by weather and neglect by the Parks and Wildlife Service.</p><br>
<h3>National Park</h3><br>
<p>The Tasmanian Government resumed all of the island&#39;s freehold land and established the national park, proclaimed in 1972 and extended in 1991, to include part of the surrounding sea.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<h3>Geography</h3><br>
<p>Maria Island takes the form of a figure-eight, with the northern section of the island significantly larger than the southern. Both parts of the island have quite rugged relief and they are joined by a tombolo about 3 km long known as McRaes Isthmus. The highest point, Mount Maria, is in the northern part of the island and stands 711 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h3>Flora and fauna</h3><br>
<p>Fourteen distinct terrestrial plant communities occur on the island, which is mostly clothed in various forms of eucalypt forest. Natural and historical clearings provide grazing for many animals, such as bare-nosed wombats and Tasmanian pademelons. Nearly all the islands animals are native to Tasmania although some, including eastern grey kangaroos, red-necked wallabies and Cape Barren geese, were introduced during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Feral cats are descendants of domestic pets brought to the island since the 19th century. Fallow deer were also introduced to the island and were present primarily in the Frenchs Farm area, but sometimes wandered as far north as the small marsh behind Hopground Beach. Sheep were present until around 1981, escapes from prior sheep farming operations. Other animals include common brushtail and ringtail possums, short-beaked echidnas and three species of snake.</p><br>
<h4>Birds</h4><br>
<p>Maria Island has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports significant numbers of endangered swift parrots and forty-spotted pardalotes, over 1% of the world population of Pacific gulls, as well as populations of most of Tasmania’s endemic bird species.</p><br>
<h4>Tasmanian devils</h4><br>
<p>In November 2012 captive Tasmanian devils were introduced to the island and are cared for by the Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service staff who live on the island. These devils form part of the "insurance population" of devils unaffected by the devil facial tumour disease that is sweeping through mainland Tasmanias devil population. Because Maria Islands devils are subject to strict quarantine, visitors to the island are not able to see or interact with them. There is some evidence that the devils are impacting on the bird life of the island.</p><br>
<h3>Marine habitats</h3><br>
<p>The marine section of the national park protects a representative area of Tasmanian East Coast marine habitat, and has significantly larger individuals and populations of key marine species than surrounding waters. This area is one of the most intensively studied marine protected areas in Australia and is popular with divers. The marine section of the park extends from an unnamed point north-east of Bishop and Clerk, westwards to Cape Boullanger and then southwards as far as Return Point. The marine boundary’s definition varies, but it is never more than 1 km from Maria Island&#39;s low water mark.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<h3>Transport</h3><br>
<p>A ferry provides a daily service from the town of Triabunna to the jetty in Darlington Bay at the northern end of Maria Island, a distance by sea of 16 km or nearly nine nautical miles. In summer the service is twice daily. A previous ferry operation out of Louisville (near Orford) is now defunct. Common dolphins, Australian fur seals and seabirds such as Australasian gannets and shy albatrosses are often seen on the voyage. Tourist flights to the island can be made from Cambridge Airport or Friendly Beaches.</p><br>
<h3>Facilities</h3><br>
<p>Very basic accommodation is available in Darlington in "the Penitentiary", a former place of internment, built during the first convict era. Bookings can be made with the Parks and Wildlife Service. There are ten rooms that have bunk beds with vinyl mattresses, a table and chairs and a wood heater. Nine of the rooms sleep six people each and the tenth sleeps fourteen people. All cooking gear, lighting, bedding and food must be brought to the island. There is no electricity or running water in the rooms, but toilets, hot showers and barbecues are nearby. Many visitors also choose to camp in the camping area in Darlington - an advance booking is not necessary for this. The visitor will look in vain for a shop, hotel or restaurant, and anyone who travels to the island must be self-sufficient.</p><br>
<h3>Activities and attractions</h3><br>
<p>Walking, bicycling, swimming, snorkelling, diving, bird watching, wildlife observation and relaxation are the main activities undertaken by visitors. Many people take interest in Maria Islands history, and most of the islands walks include sites of historic interest. The Painted Cliffs and the Fossil Cliffs are two popular walking destinations for day visitors, both on the island&#39;s coastline. The Painted Cliffs are sandstone with beautiful patterns formed through staining by iron oxide. The Fossil Cliffs are tall limestone cliffs containing prolific ancient fossils. Longer day walks include tracks that ascend Bishop and Clerk (620 m) and Mount Maria (711 m). Mount Maria is a six- to seven-hour return walk from Darlington while Bishop and Clerk can be completed in about four hours return.</p><br>
<p>Nearly all roads and tracks on the island are suitable for bicycling. Bicycles and helmets can be rented in Triabunna and brought over on the ferry. A bicycle is a must for those who want to see as much of the island as possible on a day trip. Bicycle-riding is not permitted on beaches or on the two mountain tracks.</p><br>
<p>A vehicular track extends from Darlington 20 km south to Haunted Bay on south Maria Island, with a number of side-tracks and points of interest along the way. Haunted Bay is so named because of the constant calling in the evening of the many fairy penguins that live there. The track south is the usual route for people doing bike rides or multi-day walks. The major campsites outside Darlington are at Frenchs Farm, 11 km from Darlington, and Encampment Cove, a further 2 km away, which is also used by boating visitors. This area is referred to by boaters as Chinamans Bay (Chinamans is the bay just north of Encampment Cove). Both Frenchs Farm and Encampment Cove have rainwater tanks. The Frenchs Farm tank is less likely to run out during summer. Water can be hard to find elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>From Encampment Cove it is only a little more than a 1 km walk to the ruins of Maria Island&#39;s second (probation-era) convict station at Point Lesueur on the island’s west coast (also known as Long Point). Soldiers Beach and Bloodstone Beach on the western side of the island are also well worth the effort that it takes to reach them, as are Shoal Bay and Riedle Bay, the beaches either side of McRaes Isthmus.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 a disused coastal trader, the Troy D, was scuttled outside the marine section of the national park, 1.7 km west-southwest of the Painted Cliffs, with the intention of creating a dive wreck.</p><br>
<p>Petrobras 36  was at the time the largest floating semi-submersible oil platform in the world prior to its sinking on 20 March 2001. It was owned by Petrobras, a semi-public Brazilian oil company headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. The cost of the platform was US$350 million .</p><br>
<p>The vessel was built at the Fincantieri shipyard in Genoa, Italy in 1995 as a drilling rig. She was owned then by Società Armamento Navi Appoggio S.p.A. The 33,000 t rig was converted by Davie Industry, Levis, Canada to the world&#39;s largest oil production platform.</p><br>
<p>P-36 was operating for Petrobras on the Roncador Oil Field, 130 km off the Brazilian coast, producing about 84,000 barrels of crude per day.</p><br>
<p>P-36 was replaced by FPSO-Brasil which is a leased vessel from SBM Offshore. The FPSO-Brasil started its lease contract with Petrobras in December 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Accident</h2><br>
<p>In the early hours of March 15, 2001 there were two explosions in the aft starboard column at or around the emergency drain tank. The first explosion was caused by an overpressure event, the second by ignition of leaking hydrocarbon vapor. At the time there were 175 people on the rig; 11 were killed. Following the explosions, the rig developed a 16° list, sufficient to allow down-flooding from the submerged fairlead boxes.</p><br>
<p>Marine salvage teams tried over the weekend to save the platform by pumping nitrogen and compressed air into the tanks to expel the water, but they abandoned the rig after bad weather.</p><br>
<p>The platform sank five days after the explosions (March 20), in 1,200 m of water with an estimated 1,500 t of crude oil remaining on board.</p><br>
<p>The Slippery Noodle Inn is a large blues bar and restaurant with two performance stages in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. It also has the distinction of being the oldest continuously operating bar in the state of Indiana, having opened in 1850 as the Tremont House.</p><br>
<p>The Inn served as a stop on the Underground Railroad during the American Civil War. During prohibition it was called a restaurant, although beer was still being made in the basement, and later it housed a brothel until 1953.</p><br>
<p>The Inn is the oldest commercial building in the city. Its tin ceiling dates to 1890 and the oak bar is also over a century old. The Inn has operated under its current name since 1963. It has hosted many legendary blues performers during that time, and is now one of the most prominent blues venues in the region.</p><br>
<p>The National Flag Memorial  in Rosario, Argentina, is a monumental complex built near the shore of the Paraná River. It was inaugurated on June 20, 1957, the anniversary of the death of Manuel Belgrano, creator of the Argentine flag, who raised it for the first time on an island on the opposite shore of the river on February 27, 1812.</p><br>
<p>The complex has a total area of about 10,000 square metres, and was built mostly using stone from the Andes, under the direction of architects Ángel Guido and Alejandro Bustillo, and the sculptors José Fioravanti, Alfredo Bigatti and Eduardo Barnes.</p><br>
<p>The Monumento has three parts: the Tower (Torre) or mast, 70 metres high, which commemorates the Revolution of May 1810 and houses Manuel Belgrano&#39;s crypt in its base; the Civic Courtyard (Patio Cívico), which symbolizes the effort of the organization of the state (the Courtyard is used for massive open-air shows), and the Triumphal Propylaeum (Propileo Triunfal), representing the Nation as organized after the 1853 Constitution. Under the Propylaeum there is the Honour Room for the Flags of America (where the flags of all American nations are displayed).</p><br>
<p>The complex faces Belgrano Avenue, and is delimited by Córdoba St. and Santa Fe St., which slope down towards the river at this point. The Propylaeum can be accessed from the pedestrian passage called Pasaje Juramento ("Oath Passage"), which starts at Buenos Aires St. between the municipal building (Palacio de los Leones) and the Cathedral, in front of Plaza 25 de Mayo (May 25th Square). The passage is flanked by statues by famous sculptor Lola Mora.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial and the National Flag Park located in front of it are the seat of the main celebrations of Flag Day on June 20. The 50th anniversary of the inauguration of the complex, in 2007, was marked by a special celebration and by the unveiling of a new lighting system.</p><br>
<p>The Tapi  river  is the longest river in southern Thailand. The river originates at the Khao Luang mountain in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, and has a wide estuary into the Gulf of Thailand at Bandon Bay near the town of Surat Thani. It has a length of 230 km.</p><br>
<p>The river drains an area of 5,460 km&sup2; and in 1997 had a yearly discharge of 135.4 m3/s or 4.3 km3 per year. The Phum Duang River (or Khiri Rat River), which drains another 6,125 km&sup2; west of the Tapi watershed, joins the estuary 15 km west of Surat Thani in Amphoe Phunphin.</p><br>
<p>The river was named on July 29, 1915, after the river Tapi in surat, India, shortly after the town of Surat Thani was named after the town Surat from Gujarat, India.</p><br>
<p>The island of Ko Lamphu (เกาะลำพู) is in the Tapi River, about 9 km from its mouth, right by the Surat Thani town center.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, an area of 29.6 km&sup2; of swamp land on the east bank of the river in the district Khian Sa was declared the Nong Thung Thong non-hunting area.</p><br>
<p>Königsegg-Aulendorf was a county of southeastern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It was created in 1622 as a baronial partition of the Barony of Königsegg, and it was raised to a county in 1629.</p><br>
<p>By 1806, the territories of Königsegg-Aulendorf were four separate exclaves, centred on Königsegg in the west, Aulendorf in the east, and two smaller territories (north and south) of the Teutonic Knights&#39; territory at Altshausen. Königsegg-Aulendorf was mediatised to the Kingdom of Württemberg in 1806.</p><br>
<h2>Baron of Königsegg-Aulendorf (1622–29)</h2><br>
<p>John George (1622–1629)</p><br>
<h2>Counts of Königsegg-Aulendorf (1629–1806)</h2><br>
<p>John George (1629–1666)</p><br>
<p>Anthony Eusebius (1666–1692)</p><br>
<p>Francis Maximilian (1692–1710)</p><br>
<p>Charles Siegfried (1710–1765)</p><br>
<p>Herman Frederick (1765–1786)</p><br>
<p>Ernest (1786–1803)</p><br>
<p>Francis (1803–1806)</p><br>
<h2>Mediatized Counts of Königsegg-Aulendorf (1806–present)</h2><br>
<p>Francis, 7th Count 1803-1863 (1787-1863)</p><br>
<p>Gustav, 8th Count 1863-1882 (1813-1882)</p><br>
<p>Alfred, 9th Count 1882-1898 (1817-1898)</p><br>
<p>* Xaver, 10th Count 1898-1927 (1858-1927)</p><br>
<p>** Joseph Erwin, 11th Count 1927-1951 (1891-1951)</p><br>
<p>*** Johannes, 12th Count 1951-present (b. 1925)</p><br>
<p>**** Maximilian, Hereditary Count of Königsegg-Aulendorf (b. 1958)</p><br>
<p>***** Count Philipp (b. 1988)</p><br>
<p>***** Count Nikolaus (b. 1990)</p><br>
<p>**** Count Markus (b. 1963)</p><br>
<p>***** Count Constantin (b. 1993)</p><br>
<p>***** Count Géza (b. 1998)</p><br>
<p>The Norman River is a river in Queensland, Australia. The river originates in the Gregory Range 200 km southeast of Croydon, Queensland and flows 420 km northwest to the Gulf of Carpentaria. It is joined by three major tributaries, the Carron, Clara and Yappar Rivers. The river flows through Normanton before entering the Gulf of Carpentaria through the major fishing port of Karumba. The mouth of the river lies in the Gulf Plains Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<p>The record flood of the river occurred in 1974, cresting at 8.8 metres in Normanton and causing the inundation of the town. The river&#39;s catchment area covers 50,445 m².</p><br>
<p>There are two water storage facilities along the river, Belmore Creek Dam and Glenore Weir, totaling 4,350 ML in capacity.</p><br>
<p>The Pa Sak River  is a river in central Thailand. The river originates in the Phetchabun Mountains, Dan Sai District, Loei Province, and passes through Phetchabun Province as the backbone of the province. It then passes through the eastern part of Lopburi Province and Saraburi Province, until it joins together with the Lopburi River northeast of Ayutthaya Island, before it runs into the Chao Phraya River southeast of Ayutthaya near Phet Fortress. It has a length of 513 km and drains a watershed of 16,291 km². The annual discharge is 2.4 km3.</p><br>
<p>The valley of the Pa Sak through the Phetchabun mountains is the main part of Phetchabun Province. As the watershed of the river is rather narrow, the amount of water in the river varies seasonally. To address drought problems in the lower Pa Sak valley, in 1994 the construction of the Pa Sak Cholasit Dam (เขื่อนป่าสักชลสิทธิ์) in Lopburi Province was built. The 4,860 m wide and 36.5 m high dam keeps a total of 0.785 km3 of water. The dam also supplies about 6.7 MW of hydro-electric power.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Tributaries of the Pa Sak include the Lopburi, Muak Lek, Phung, Pa Daeng, Kong, Sonthi, Wang Chomphu, Na, Chun, Duk, Khon Kaen, Yai, Saduang Yai, Ban Bong, Tarang, and Phaya Klang Rivers.</p><br>
<h2>Pa Sak basin</h2><br>
<p>The Pa Sak drains a total land area of 16,291 km&sup2;. The Pa Sak Basin is part of the Chao Phraya Watershed.</p><br>
<p>The Pahang River  is a river that flows through the state of Pahang, Malaysia. At 459 km in length, it is the longest river on the Malay Peninsula. The river begins at the confluence of Jelai and Tembeling rivers on the Titiwangsa Mountains and drains into the South China Sea.</p><br>
<h2>River course</h2><br>
<p>From the upper slopes of Titiwangsa Mountains at Cameron Highlands, Jelai river flows in a southeasterly direction, passing through Padang Tengku and Kuala Lipis before merging with Tembeling river. Tembeling River which begins at Pahang and Terengganu state border at Ulu Tembeling, flows in a southwesterly direction passing through Kuala Tahan. Pahang River flows in a southerly direction passing through Jerantut Feri, Kuala Krau, Kerdau and Temerloh. At Mengkarak, the river turns to the northeast, passing through Chenor and then turning east at Lubuk Paku and Lepar into the floodplain of Paloh Hinai, Pekan and Kuala Pahang before draining into the South China Sea.</p><br>
<p>From the source to the mouth, Pahang River basin comprises almost all the districts in Pahang, including Cameron Highlands, Lipis, Jerantut, Temerloh, Bera, Maran and Pekan. Lipis River, a tributary of Jelai River, begins at Pahang and Perak state border in Ulu Sungai, Raub district and ends at the confluence of Jelai River and Lipis River at Kuala Lipis. Semantan River, a tributary of Pahang River begins in Bentong district and ends at the confluence of Pahang River and Semantan River at Kuala Semantan. Triang River and Bera River, tributaries of Pahang River begin at Jelebu and Jempol district of Negeri Sembilan state while Lepar River, another tributary of Pahang River, passing through Kuantan district in the east before ending at the confluence of Pahang River and Lepar River at Paloh Hinai.</p><br>
<p>The only district in Pahang that does not have a tributary of the Pahang River or have Pahang River flowing through it is Rompin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The banks of Pahang River were settled as early as 1400 by warriors and seafarers from around Maritime Southeast Asia including places such as Aceh, Riau, Palembang and Sulawesi. The earliest historical records of Pahang River, the riverine inhabitants or the people of Pahang were found in the Malay Annals and Hikayat Munshi Abdullah.</p><br>
<h3>Early transportation role</h3><br>
<p>The Pahang and Muar Rivers were nearly connected at a place called Jempol, in Negeri Sembilan as the Serting River flows into the Bera River, a tributary of the Pahang River. Jempol River flows into Muar River. Trading boats from the Muar could continue their journey until they reached Kuala Pahang in Pekan, or Kuala Lipis to continue into Terengganu, Kelantan or Perak.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>During the Pleistocene epoch or Mesolithic period about 10,000 years ago, there was a 5 degrees Celsius drop in the global temperature. At mountaintops, snow accumulated as ice caps and glaciers (including Mount Kinabalu), thus disrupting the global hydrological cycle. Due to lack of water discharge into the sea, the sea level was 120 meters lower than it is today. The South China Sea dried up, exposing the Sunda Shelf and previous deep trenches became huge ancient rivers called the North Sunda River.</p><br>
<p>Mainland Asia, the Malay Peninsular, Sumatra and Java became connected to Borneo via the landbridge of exposed Sunda Shelf. The North Sunda River provided vital connection to Mekong River in Vietnam and Chao Phraya River in Thailand to the north, Baram and Rajang rivers in Sarawak to the east and Pahang River and Rompin River to the west of the massive land mass. Freshwater catfishes from those rivers migrated and mated to exchange their genetic materials about 10,000 years ago. Thus, after the Holocene, when the temperature increased, a substantial amount of the ice that had accumulated melted, increasing sea levels, inundating the landbridges and Sunda River, thus isolating the catfish populations. However, their genetic motives are still in the DNA as an evidence of the previous connections of Pahang River to other isolated rivers in Indochina and Borneo.</p><br>
<h2>Towns and Bridges</h2><br>
<p>Jerantut is 15km from the confluence of Jelai river and Tembeling River. Temerloh is situated on the confluence between Semantan River and Pahang River. The town of Pekan, which is Pahang&#39;s royal town, is situated on the southern bank of the river, near the river mouth.</p><br>
<p>There are 7 bridges were built across the river. The bridges are Abu Bakar Bridge in Pekan, Paloh Hinai bridge of Tun Razak Highway in Paloh Hinai, Chenor Bridge in Chenor, new Temerloh Bridge in Temerloh, Semantan Bridge of East Coast Expressway in Sanggang, Sultan Ahmad Shah Bridge in Kuala Krau and Sultan Abdullah Bridge in Jerantut Feri.</p><br>
<p>Bera is the only district on Pahang River watershed that has no bridge crossing the river.</p><br>
<p>Pangong Tso , Tibetan for "high grassland lake", also referred to as Pangong Lake, is an endorheic lake in the Himalayas situated at a height of about 4,350 m. It is 134 km long and extends from India to China. Approximately 60% of the length of the lake lies in China. The lake is 5 km wide at its broadest point. All together it covers 604 km. During winter the lake freezes completely, despite being saline water. It is not a part of Indus river basin area and geographically a separate land locked river basin.</p><br>
<p>The lake is in the process of being identified under the Ramsar Convention as a wetland of international importance. This will be the first trans-boundary wetland in South Asia under the convention.</p><br>
<h2>Flora, fauna and geography</h2><br>
<p>The brackish water of the lake has very low micro-vegetation. Guides report that there are no fish or other aquatic life in the lake, except for some small crustaceans. On the other hand, visitors see numerous ducks and gulls over and on the lake surface. There are some species of scrub and perennial herbs that grow in the marshes around the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake acts as an important breeding ground for a variety of birds including a number of migratory birds. During summer, the Bar-headed goose and Brahmini ducks are commonly seen here. The region around the lake supports a number of species of wildlife including the kiang and the Marmot.</p><br>
<p>Formerly, Pangong Tso had an outlet to Shyok River, a tributary of Indus River, but it was closed off due to natural damming. Two streams feed the lake from the Indian side, forming marshes and wetlands at the edges. Strand lines above current lake level reveal a 5 m thick layer of mud and laminated sand, suggesting the lake has shrunken recently in geological scale.</p><br>
<p>No fish have been observed in the lake, however in the stream coming from South-eastern side (Cheshul nalla), three fish species (Schizopygopsis stoliczkae, Triplophysa stoliczkae and Triplophysa gracilis) have been reported (Bhat et al., 2011). The low biodiversity in the lake has been reported as being due to high salinity and harsh environmental conditions (Bhat et al., 2011).</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Pangong Tso can be reached in a five-hour drive from Leh, most of it on a rough and dramatic mountain road. The road crosses the villages of Shey and Gya and traverses the Chang La, where army sentries and a small teahouse greet visitors. The road down from Chang La leads through Tangste and other smaller villages, crossing river called Pagal Naala or "The Crazy Stream". The spectacular lakeside is open during the tourist season, from May to September.</p><br>
<p>An Inner Line Permit is required to visit the lake as it lies on the Sino-Indian Line of Actual Control. While Indian nationals can obtain individual permits, others must have group permits (with a minimum of three persons) accompanied by an accredited guide; the tourist office in Leh issues the permits for a small fee. For security reasons, India does not permit boating.</p><br>
<h2>Sino-Indian border dispute</h2><br>
<p>Pangong Tso is in disputed territory. The Line of Actual Control passes through the lake. A section of the lake approximately 20 km east from the Line of Actual Control is controlled by China but claimed by India. The eastern end of the lake is in Tibet. After the mid-19th century, Pangong Tso was at the southern end of Johnson Line, an early attempt at demarcation between India and China in the Aksai Chin region.</p><br>
<p>The Khurnak Fort lies on the northern bank of the lake, halfway of Pangong Tso. The Chinese has controlled the Khurnak Fort area since 1952. To the south is the smaller Spanggur Tso lake.</p><br>
<p>On October 20, 1962, Pangong Tso saw military action during the Sino-Indian War, successful for the Communist People&#39;s Liberation Army.</p><br>
<p>Pangong Tso is still a delicate border point along the Line of Actual Control. Incursions from the Chinese side are common.</p><br>
<h2>In film</h2><br>
<p>Indian filmmaker Mani Ratnam&#39;s Dil Se. (1998) in the song "Satrangi Re" starring Shah Rukh Khan & Manisha Koirala.</p><br>
<p>Featured as a filming location in The Fall (2006).</p><br>
<p>Some parts of the 2008 film, Heroes (2008).</p><br>
<p>Climax scene of the 2009 film, 3 Idiots.</p><br>
<p>Parts of the 2012 film Jab Tak Hai Jaan, in particular, Anushka Sharmas bikini scene were shot here. This was Actor Shah Rukh Khans second film recorded here.</p><br>
<p>Divya Khosla Kumar 2016 Hindi film Sanam Re</p><br>
<p>Surra Surra song from Shakti (2011).</p><br>
<p>Subah Hogee song from Waqt: The Race Against Time.</p><br>
<p>Pyar Ke Silsile song from Na Jaane Kabse (2011).</p><br>
<p>Dil Tera Ho Gaya song from Taur Mittran Di.</p><br>
<p>Dil Haara song from Tashan starring Saif Ali Khan & Kareena Kapoor</p><br>
<p>Banjarey song from the movie Fugly</p><br>
<p>Telugu song from Aagadu starring Mahesh Babu & Tamannaah</p><br>
<p>Enna Aachu song in the 2011 Tamil movie Vedi</p><br>
<p>Nā Mokulua  are two islets off the windward coast of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands. They are also commonly known as "The Mokes"  or the "Twin Islands". The islets are often photographed, and are located about .75 miles off Lanikai, a neighborhood of Kailua, Hawai‘i.</p><br>
<p>The larger island (on the left when looking from Lanikai) is Moku Nui and the smaller is Moku Iki. They are part of the Hawaii State Seabird Sanctuary and activities on them as well as off-limit areas on them are regulated by law. Specifically, the smaller islet, Moku Iki, is off-limits to visitors, as is the interior of Moku Nui. Also, no pets are allowed. Many birds nest in ground burrows on the islands.</p><br>
<p>The islands formed between 2.7 and 3.9 million years ago. The two islands are composed of many basaltic intrusive igneous dikes, often called a dike swarm. These dikes are a part of the larger Ko&#39;olau shield.</p><br>
<p>Locals surf the breaks on both sides of Moku Nui and spearfish alongside tiger sharks where they are known to hang out on the ocean side drop-off. Kayak and Outrigger Canoe tours to the islands are very popular but laws prohibit deliveries to Kailua or Lanikai Beach. In May 2011, a kayak tourist was swept off the rocks and drowned</p><br>
<p>Morgantina is an archaeological site in east central Sicily, southern Italy. It is sixty kilometres from the coast of the Ionian Sea, in the province of Enna. The closest modern town is Aidone, two kilometres southwest of the site. The site consists of a two-kilometre long ridge running southwest-northeast, known as Serra Orlando, and a neighboring hill at the northeast called Cittadella. Morgantina was inhabited in several periods. The earliest major settlement was made at Cittadella and lasted from about 1000/900 to about 450 BCE. The other major settlement was located on Serra Orlando, and existed from about 450 BCE to about 50 CE. Morgantina has been the subject of archaeological investigation since the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Serra Orlando was identified as Morgantina by Kenan Erim following the discovery of a number of coins bearing the Latin word HISPANORUM. Erim used these coins and passages from Livy to argue that the city found at Serra Orlando was in fact the ancient city of Morgantina.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name appears in different forms among different authors: Morgantia, Murgantia and Morgantium in scholarship; in ancient sources Strabo used the name Μοργάντιον and Diodorus Siculus used Μοργαντίνη. The name is variously written by Latin writers as Murgantia, Murgentia and Morgentia. The inhabitants were called Murgentini by Cicero and Pliny the Elder.</p><br>
<p>According to Strabo Morgantina was founded by a pre-Roman Italian group known as the Morgetes of Rhegium. Dionysius of Halicarnassus wrote that the Morgetes were led by a king named Morges. The earliest historical date associated with Morgantina is 459 BCE, when Ducetius, leader of the indigenous Sicel population of central Sicily, attacked the city and captured it. Morgantina was probably still under Ducetius&#39; control when he was defeated at Nomai by Syracuse in 449 BCE.</p><br>
<p>No later mention of Morgantina is made until Thucydides lists it as part of the terms of a truce in the war of 427–424 BCE between Syracuse and the Dorian cities of Sicily on one side, and Kamarina, the Khalkidian cities of Sicily, the Sikels, and Athens on the other side. Thucydides says that Syracuse agreed at the Congress of Gela to give Morgantina to Kamarina in return for payment of an indemnity. Kamarina was destroyed in 405 by the Carthaginians. Morgantina therefore must have been independent from at least this date, although it was soon recaptured by Dionysios of Syracuse in 396. Syracuse retained (occasionally more nominal than actual) control of Morgantina until the Second Punic War. In 317, Morgantina received the tyrant Agathocles, then in exile, and offered him help in returning to Syracuse. He was elected praetor at Morgantina, and later dux.</p><br>
<p>As part of the Syracusan kingdom of Hiero II, Morgantina fell under the hegemony of Rome when Hieron became a Roman vassal in 263. In 214, Morgantina switched its allegiance from Rome to Carthage. Morgantina remained autonomous until 211, when it became the last Sicilian town to be captured by the Romans. It was given as payment by Rome to a group of Spanish mercenaries. In 133, Morgantina was the place where Eunus, the leader of the slave rebellion known as the First Servile War, died. In the Second Servile War, Morgantina was besieged and taken by slaves. The final mention of Morgantina comes again from Strabo, who notes that in his own time, the first century CE, the city had ceased to exist.</p><br>
<p>A few literary sources describe Morgantina and its economy. Most famous of these are the references to the vitis murgentina, a strain of grape mentioned by Cato, Columella, and Pliny the Elder. These grapes were prized for their wine — Pliny called it "the very best among all those that come from Sicily" — and had been transplanted from Sicily to mainland Italy by the 2nd century BCE.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation history</h2><br>
<h3>Early work on Serra Orlando</h3><br>
<p>The earliest excavations at Morgantina were undertaken by Luigi Pappalardo in 1884. He uncovered part of a necropolis, a large terracotta drain and two houses. One of the houses he found, the Pappalardo house, was named for him by later American excavators.</p><br>
<p>Paolo Orsi recorded stray finds from Morgantina and excavated trial trenches in 1912. He located a terrace of nine steps, walls, as well as what he called a Roman house.</p><br>
<h3>Princeton University</h3><br>
<p>Morgantina has been the principal site of American research on classical Sicily. Currently there are two other sites on the island with significant American presences: the Soprintendenza BB.CC.AA. di Catanias excavations at Palike, and the work undertaken by Stanford University and Northern Illinois University as part of a consortium of primarily Scandinavian institutions at Monte Polizzo. In 1955, a major project was begun by Princeton University, under the supervision of Professors Erik Sjöqvist and Richard Stillwell. The excavations on the (at that time unidentified) town were intended to serve as training for graduate students in Princetons Department of Art and Archaeology. Major figures who participated in work at Morgantina include Kenan Erim, Donald White, T. Leslie Shear, Jr., Ione Mylonas Shear, R. Ross Holloway, Stephen Miller, Paul Deussen, and Karl Erik Östenberg. Special mention should also be made of Sweden&#39;s King Gustaf VI Adolf, who came to Morgantina on several occasions in the 1950s at the invitation of Sjöqvist, his former secretary, to work at the site.</p><br>
<h3>Hubert Allen and the University of Illinois</h3><br>
<p>In the mid-1960s, Princeton graduate student Hubert L. Allen assumed a role in the administration of the excavations. Upon receiving his doctorate, Allen was hired by the University of Illinois, which then began to co-sponsor the Morgantina project. The death of Sjöqvist and retirement of Stillwell in the early 1970s led to Princeton&#39;s withdrawal from direct involvement in the excavations. Allen continued to lead the project until 1975, when he was denied tenure at Illinois and took a position with University of Illinois computer sciences. At that point, American work at Morgantina was put on hold.</p><br>
<h3>University of Virginia and Wesleyan University</h3><br>
<p>The excavations had produced vast amounts of artifacts and data, but as yet there was no final publication. In 1978, Malcolm Bell, III, professor of classical art and archaeology at the University of Virginia, took over the project with the goal of publishing the Morgantina material. Bell was a former Princeton graduate student (Sjöqvist had been Bell&#39;s advisor until his retirement) who had written his dissertation on terracotta figurines found at Morgantina. He has conducted investigations on Serra Orlando since 1982, each time with the intention of answering specific questions raised by earlier work. Bell used his dissertation as the basis for the first book in the Morgantina Studies series published in 1983. Six volumes have appeared in the series, which is the main vehicle for the definite publication of the excavation results.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, Carla Antonaccio, then on the faculty of Wesleyan University but now at Duke University, herself a Princeton graduate, assumed responsibility for publishing the post-7th century BCE settlement on Cittadella. Since that time, both Virginia and Wesleyan, along with many other American and Italian institutions, have sent scholars and students to conduct research. Notable scholars currently working on the project include Barbara Tsakirgis of Vanderbilt University on the houses of Serra Orlando, Jenifer Neils of Case Western Reserve University on figured pottery, Barbara Barletta of the University of Florida on architectural moldings, Rosa Maria Albanese Procelli and Enrico Procelli, both of the University of Catania on the Bronze Age material, John Kenfield of Rutgers University on architectural terracottas, and Robert Leighton of the University of Edinburgh on the protohistoric settlement on Cittadella.</p><br>
<p>The site&#39;s archives are currently housed at the Department of Art and Archaeology at Princeton University, though some materials also exist at the University of Illinois.</p><br>
<h3>North Baths</h3><br>
<p>Since 2003 Sandra K. Lucore (formerly of the University of Tokyo, now an independent scholar) has led excavations of the 3rd century BC North Baths complex that have produced interesting results including evidence of one of the earliest examples of dome and barrel vault construction.</p><br>
<h3>Bouleuterion</h3><br>
<p>The bouleuterion in Morgantina is a rectangular building located west of the agora of the city. It was founded during the 3rd century BC, a period of great prosperity for Morgantina, which, from 5th century BC on had acquired a profoundly Hellenic character.</p><br>
<p>The building had a bipartite plan. A walled forecourt led through a stoa to the main entrance, centrally located at the east wall of the auditorium. A rectangular substructure held wooden benches where the assembly sat to listen to the speakers. Stone buttressing, connected to this substructure, supported the south retaining wall.</p><br>
<p>Today, only the foundation and parts of the south side of the auditorium are preserved.</p><br>
<h2>Aidone archaeological museum</h2><br>
<p>A museum was opened in Aidone in 1980 to house finds from Morgantina. The building, dating from the 17th century, is a former Capuchin monastery. The museum is run by the Soprintendenza BB.CC.AA. di Enna. There are two floors of exhibits, covering the site&#39;s prehistoric, archaic, and classical periods, along with a thematic display that draws attention to aspects of ancient daily life.</p><br>
<p>Nea Peramos , before the 1990s Megalo Pefko , is a suburb and a former municipality in West Attica, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Megara, of which it is a municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Nea Peramos is situated in the eastern part of the Megaris plain, on the Saronic Gulf coast, opposite the island of Salamis. Nea Peramos is 7 km east of Megara, 11 km west of Eleusis and 27 km west of Athens. Motorway 8 (Athens - Corinth) passes north of the town. The Nea Peramos railway station is served by Proastiakos commuter trains to Athens and Kiato. From its fishing harbour, a ferryboat line connects it to the island of Salamis, close to the Monastery of Panagia Faneromeni.</p><br>
<p>Landmark buildings include the two tall (12-storied and 10-storied) blocks of flats, the Church of St. George, the N. Petkas Traditional Olive Press (currently (Oct. &#39;11)under reconstruction), which has been donated to the Association of Peramians Kyzikians and the former Town Hall, all of them on 28 October st. (the old Greek National Road 8) which traverses the town parallel to the coast.</p><br>
<p>Nea Peramos has a few schools (a lyceum - high school, a gymnasium - junior high school and four primary schools) and two KAPI (day care centres for elderly people). Three military camps are located in town, among them the Artillery School and the Army Special Forces base.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>There is a municipal library whose mostly-Greek-language collection is as yet (Oct 11) uncatalogued. The cultural life of the town is enriched by the Fair of St. George in April, the Klidonas festival on St. Johns Day (after the summer solstice) and the Sardine Night in late August. Several cultural associations operate, such as the Association of Peramians Kyzikians, the Nea Peramos Women&#39;s Association and the Cultural Association "Aghios Panteleimon".</p><br>
<p>There are two amateur sports teams: The Athletic Sports Association of Nea Peramos (est. 1939) and Attalos Neas Peramou (est. 2001).</p><br>
<p>There are 15 teams in town (about 900 in the whole of Attica) of skilled flying (high flying, diving, spiralling etc.) pigeons, most of them belonging to the Aspropyrgos Association of Pigeon-Owners.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1922, after the debacle of the Greek Army, the Greek residents of Peramos (modern Karşıyaka near Bandırma, Turkey) in Asia Minor were expelled from their town before the advancing Turkish Army and the rebels. They ended up in Kavala and in the area of Megara. This location near Megara was given over by the Government of Eleftherios Venizelos so that they could start their new life. Their first school was a wooden shack which also functioned on Sundays as a church until the current Church of Saint George was built to accommodate his Icon which the refugees brought with them from their ancestral land.</p><br>
<p>The Panj River  , also known as Pyandzh River or Pyanj River , is a tributary of the Amu Darya. The river is 1,125 km long and forms a considerable part of the Afghanistan–Tajikistan border.</p><br>
<p>The river is formed by the confluence of the Pamir River and the Wakhan River near the village of Qila-e Panja. From there, it flows westwards, forming the border of Afghanistan and Tajikistan. After passing the city of Khorog, capital of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan it receives water from one of its main tributaries, the Bartang River. It then turns towards the southwest, before joining the river Vakhsh and forming the greatest river of Central Asia, the Amudarya. Panj played a very important role during Soviet times, and was a strategic river during the Soviet military operations in Afghanistan in the 1980s.</p><br>
<h2>Water consumption</h2><br>
<p>A water treaty between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan, signed in 1946, allows Afghanistan to draw 9 million cubic metres of water a year.</p><br>
<p>It currently draws 2 million cubic metres of water. According to the Panj River Basin Project environmental damage could be expected if Afghanistan drew the entire amount of water from the river that the treaty allows.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges</h2><br>
<p>Afghanistan-Tajikistan Bridge: A highway bridge was built over the river between Tajikistan and Afghanistan at Nizhnii Panj. The contract was awarded in May 2005 and the construction of the bridge began in Jan 2006 and was completed in August 2007. The financing was provided by the USA, amounting to 37 million USD, and the construction was done by an Italian General Construction company Rizzani de Eccher S.p.A. under the ownership of US Army Corps of Engineers. The bridge replaces a barge with which only 60 cars a day can be transported and which is unusable many months in the year due to strong current of the river. RAWA reports that this facilitates the heroin trade, the key to the economic miracle in Afghanistan.</p><br>
<p>Another bridge at was built at the confluence with the Gunt River at Khorog in 2003.</p><br>
<p>A bridge exists at Langar, which may still be closed.</p><br>
<p>The Aga Khan Development Network has been engaged in a project to build a series of three bridges across the Panj River between Tajikistan and Afghanistan.</p><br>
<p>The first of these bridges, connecting Tem on the Tajik side with Demogan on the Afghan side, was inaugurated by Tajikistan’s President Emomali Rahmonov, Afghanistan’s Vice-President Hedayat Amin Arsala and His Highness the Aga Khan in November, 2002.</p><br>
<p>This was followed by the inauguration of the Tajik-Afghan Friendship Bridge at Darwaz in July, 2004,</p><br>
<p>The Ishkashim bridge between Ishkashim, Afghanistan and Ishkashim, Tajikistan was inaugurated in October, 2006.</p><br>
<p>Panjnad River  is a river at the extreme end of Bahawalpur district in Punjab, Pakistan. Panjnad River is formed by successive confluence or merger of the five rivers of the Punjab, namely Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Jhelum and Ravi join Chenab, Beas joins Sutlej, and then Sutlej and Chenab join to form Panjnad 10 miles north of Uch Sharif in Muzaffar Garh district. The combined stream runs southwest for approximately 45 miles and joins the Indus River at Mithankot. The Indus continues and then drains into the Arabian Sea. A barrage on Panjnad has been erected; it provides irrigation channels for Punjab and Sindh provinces south of the Sutlej and east of the Indus rivers.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the confluence of Indus and Panjnad rivers, the Indus river was known as Satnad (Sat=seven) carrying the waters of seven rivers including Indus river, which is believed to be in earlier times the Saraswati/Ghaggar/Hakra river which eventually dried and became a seasonal river due to seismic shifts in the glacial region of Himachal Pradesh where it originated and later on Kabul river and the five rivers of Punjab.</p><br>
<p>Olkhon  is the fourth-largest lake-bound island in the world. It is by far the largest island in Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia, with an area of 730 km&sup2;. Structurally, it acts as the southwestern margin of Academician Ridge. The island measures 71.5 km in length and 20.8 km in width.</p><br>
<p>There are two versions regarding the origin of the name of the island and both are derived from the language of the Buryats, the indigenous people of Olkhon. The first is that the island’s name comes from the word oyhon – “woody”, and the second is that it comes from olhan – “dry”. It is still debated which of the two is the actual origin of the name Olkhon as both words describe the island perfectly. Much of the island is still covered by forests and the amount of precipitation is extremely low – about 240 mm per year.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Olkhon has a dramatic combination of terrain and is rich in archaeological landmarks. Steep mountains line its eastern shore, and at 1,276 m above sea level, Mount Zhima is the highest point on the island, peaking at 818 m above the water level of Lake Baikal. The island is large enough to have its own lakes, and features a combination of taiga, steppe and even a small desert. A deep strait separates the island from the land.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s appearance is a result of millions of years of tectonic movement resulting in the hollowing of the channel between the land (Maloe More Sound and Olkhon Gate Strait) and the block of stone forming the island. The steep slopes of the mountains show the vertical heave of the earth.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>The population of the island is less than 1,500 and consists mostly of Buryats, the island&#39;s aboriginal people.</p><br>
<p>There are several settlements and five villages on the island: Yalga, Malomorets, Khuzhir, Kharantsy, and Ulan-Khushin. The village of Khuzhir is the administrative capital of Olkhon, designated as such in April 1987 when the Soviet government issued a comprehensive decree protecting Lake Baikal. Khuzhir is home to about 1,200 residents and boasts a museum of local nature and history.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Most residents are fishermen, farmers, or cattle-ranchers. Due to an increasing number of tourists from all over the world, many residents work in this sector as well, and tourism has become an important part of the economy in Olkhon.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The indigenous Buryats, adherents of shamanism, believe the island to be a spiritual place; one of the groups of deities revered in Buryati yellow shamanism is called the oikony noyod, the "thirteen lords of Olkhon".</p><br>
<p>On the western coast, close to Khuzhir, is Baikals most famous landmark, the Shamanka, or Shamans Rock. Natives believe that Burkhan, a modern religious cult figure of the Altai peoples, lives in the cave in this rock. The rock is one of nine most sacred places in Asia. Olkhon is considered a centre of Kurumchinskay culture of the 6th–10th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The museum at Olkhon, named after Revyakin, has exhibits on the nature and ethnography of the island, including pipe-smoking and a samovar collection.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island has a long history of human habitation. The original indigenous people were the Kurykans, forefathers of two ethnic groups: the Buryats and the Yakuts.</p><br>
<p>Russian explorers first visited during the 17th century.</p><br>
<h2>Places of interest</h2><br>
<p>Khuzhir is the main village on Olkhon Island and is most notable for its practical things, shops and comfortable homestays.</p><br>
<p>The National History Museum of Revyakin N. M in Kuzhir contains collections of historical items linked to the life and culture of the people of Olkhon from Neolithic times to the present day. Here, visitors can see various items such as stone arrowheads, badges of Mongolian soldiers, and materials used in cremation rituals, and can learn about life on this island of political exiles in the Soviet era, as well as the unique flora and fauna that can only be found on Olkhon Island.</p><br>
<p>The Revyakin Museum was originally named after a famous geologist, paleontologist, geographer and writer of science fiction, Obruchev. However, it was later named after its founder, and a teacher of geography, N. M. Revyakin.</p><br>
<p>Peschanaya Village is an abandoned settlement famous for its picturesque sand dunes and the unique appearance of the trees found here – stilted trees with their roots exposed above the sand. The constant winds that blow from the sea towards land move the sand away from the shore and form high sand hills, which are called "moving sands", as these sand dunes constantly change location depending on the direction of the wind. This strong wind has also resulted in the exposure of roots of trees near the shore, giving the trees the appearance of a standing person, thus earning them the name "walking trees".</p><br>
<p>Furthermore, there used to be a gulag fish factory here where prisoners worked during Soviet times. However, after Stalin’s death, these prisoners were released, and the factory has been abandoned since the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Three Brothers Rock, or Sagaan-Khushun Cape, is one of Baikal’s natural monuments and another popular tourist sightseeing spot. It is easily recognised as three big rocks standing in a row overlooking Lake Baikal. According to an old Buryatian legend, there once lived three brothers on Olkhon Island whose father had supernatural powers. Once, their father turned them into eagles but only on the condition that they would not eat dead meat. The brothers were extremely happy with their newly gained freedom as eagles and decided to fly around the island after promising not to eat dead meat. However, when they were flying around the island, they became hungry and found a dead animal. Despite their promises to their father, they ate this dead animal. When their father learned about it, he was furious and turned them into the three rocks that we see today.</p><br>
<p>Khoboy Cape is the most northern point of Olkhon island. The name comes from an old Buryat word meaning "fang" because of its shape, a vertically oriented marble rock, appearing much like a fang.</p><br>
<p>The Cape of Khargoy is famous for the remains of the ancient Kurykan&#39;s stone wall. The wall is probably one of the best preserved ancient structures of the island and is composed of large stones without the use of any binding materials. The wall is about 185 m in length, and in some parts, its height can be as tall as 1.5 –. The Kurykan Wall at Cape Khorgoy was first discovered and described in 1879 by geologist Jan Czerski.</p><br>
<h2>Ecological concerns</h2><br>
<p>One of the most important ecological problems of Olkhon Island is the disposal of household waste. At present, the waste is disposed of in large piles in woods near the village of Khuzhir. The dump is unenclosed, and the tipping process is uncontrolled. Moreover, with recent increases in tourism on the island, new sources of hard rubbish have begun to appear.</p><br>
<p>Another ecological concern affecting the island is the illegal felling of timber by local inhabitants. A complicated net of forestry roads in the areas adjacent to Khuzhir leads to woodland areas on the mountain slopes. Timber is brought out of the forest at night time, and the deforestation is taking its toll on the area.</p><br>
<p>The Princeton Charter Club is one of Princeton University&#39;s eleven active undergraduate eating clubs located on or near Prospect Avenue in Princeton, New Jersey, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Club history</h2><br>
<p>The Princeton Charter Club was organized in the fall of 1901 as Princetons ninth eating club, with a Senior Section from the Class of 1902 and a Junior Section from the Class of 1903. The name Cloister was at first selected until it was discovered that Yale already had an institution of similar name. About that time the document known as the Charter for the College of New Jersey was found and presented to the University. Charters current neighbor to the west, Cloister Inn, later took the discarded name.</p><br>
<p>A small building on Olden Street—known as the "Incubator" because several other clubs had started there while they waited for sufficient finances to buy or build a proper clubhouse—was leased and the furnishing paid for by subscriptions.</p><br>
<p>In the spring of 1903 the Club purchased three lots and a house on Prospect Avenue which constitutes three-quarters of the present property. The house was redesigned and enlarged under the supervision of an undergraduate member David Adler of the 1904 Section, with the assistance of Professor Harris of the Faculty. The funds for the purchase of this property and the alterations to this second clubhouse were raised by the sale of nineteen $1,000 mortgage bonds.</p><br>
<p>The "Adler Clubhouse" would house Charter Club for a decade, until the present "Third Clubhouse", designed by noted architectural firm Mellor & Meigs was completed in the fall of 1914. Additionally, Charter&#39;s real estate assets had grown. In early 1905, at least one adjacent lot was purchased. In the summer of 1905, a squash court was built behind the clubhouse. The expansion of the land holdings encouraged the membership and graduate section of Charter to build the Third Clubhouse, which was and is a far more imposing edifice than either the Adler Clubhouse or even the "Incubator". Today, Charter is widely regarded as having one of the finest clubhouses on "The Street."</p><br>
<p>After the United States entered World War I, Charter was temporarily closed due to reduced membership caused by widespread member enlistment in the armed forces. For a period of less than two years, between 1917 and 1919, the Charter clubhouse closed its doors, and Charter members left on campus received full membership privileges at Cottage Club. Charter lost seven members in the war, and their sacrifice is commemorated by a plaque located in the "Great Room."</p><br>
<p>Reopening in 1919, Charter quickly gained a reputation as a club personifying the era of the Roaring 20s, carving a niche for itself on campus in the inter-war years. World War II saw Charter closing along with all of its peer institutions, as members almost universally went off to fight abroad. Charter greatly expanded its membership after the war, but disaster struck closer to home in 1949 when a fire spread rapidly through much of the first and second floors causing heavy damage. A fire marshal summoned to the scene of the fire, on seeing the facade of Charter seemingly unaffected, declared famously, "I have never seen a building survive a fire like this, nothing is indestructible, but this place is damn near." Charter&#39;s membership has since often referred to it as "The Indestructible Charter Club," or simply "The Indestructible."</p><br>
<p>Charter was known throughout the 50s and 60s for its hard partying ways—Charter parties were only rivaled at the time by those at perennial animal house Cannon Club. It is suspected, but not known, that at least one Charter member rode with members of Cap and Gown Club in the so-called Great Train Robbery of &#39;63, in which the "dinky" train running from Princeton Junction into Princeton was forced to make a dramatic emergency stop after a car was seen on the tracks, at which point ersatz cowboys rode up to the train on horseback and carried off their dates who had been arriving for the weekend.</p><br>
<p>The greatest era of the Eating Clubs was beginning to fade by the late sixties, however, and looking to prop up stagnating membership figures, Charter announced that it would accept female members, over the objection of many members of the grad board, shortly after the University made the switch to coeducation. In 1977, Charter made the switch from bicker selectivity to sign-in openness in order to draw more members. The club remained financially stable throughout the 70s, 80s, and 90&#39;s, as six of its peers shut their doors permanently.</p><br>
<p>Throughout this tumultuous period, Charter never quite lost its carefree atmosphere and wild touch—best exemplified perhaps by the infamous Initiation Night of 1988. In 1988, Charter counted as members most of the Varsity Football Team, including many of the 89 sections officers. It was some of these gridiron heroes who allegedly planned the raucous celebration of the admission of the new sophomore section which led to 45 members sent to McCosh Infirmary or Princeton Medical Center for alcohol-related reasons. The Princeton Borough Police quickly rounded up the Charter officer corps, and criminal charges were brought against the president and social chair, who were convicted of serving alcohol to minors, fined $500, and sentenced to 30 days in jail. The sentences were later overturned by a Mercer County Court judge, and the two undergraduate officers received probation and were ordered to perform community service. To prevent a similar occurrence, but also to commemorate forever this fateful night, Charter now conducts formal initiations a week after all the other eating clubs, and on what would otherwise be initiation night officially "goes dry." Initiation Night 88 is generally considered to be, along with the Section Party of 1930, one of Charters most infamous moments.</p><br>
<p>In the fall of 2010, Charter announced major modifications to its membership admission system, creating a "weighted sign-in" system that gives preference to sophomores judged to be more enthusiastic about the club, based on their involvement in club activities and attendance at events open to sophomores." In February 2011, operating under this new system, Charter was again the only sign in club to fill its sophomore section in the first round of sign-ins.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>David Adler (1904 Section), architect</p><br>
<p>Arthur Schmidt (1912 Section). Infantry officer and recipient of the Army Cross</p><br>
<p>Edmund Wilson (1916 Section), literary critic</p><br>
<p>José Ferrer (1933 Section), actor and film director</p><br>
<p>Mason Andrews (1940 Section), physician</p><br>
<p>James Stewart (1932 Section), actor</p><br>
<p>Bowie Kuhn (1948 Section), former Major League Baseball Commissioner</p><br>
<p>Joseph DiBenedetto (1955 Section), criminal defense attorney</p><br>
<p>Charles Fried (1956 Section), Harvard Law professor and former Solicitor General.</p><br>
<p>Joel Rosenman (1963 Section), co-creator of the Woodstock Festival</p><br>
<p>Mitch Daniels (1971 Section), Governor of Indiana</p><br>
<p>Arthur Grant Duff (1977 section), British diplomat</p><br>
<p>Joel Achenbach (1982 Section), writer</p><br>
<p>David Duchovny (1982 Section), actor</p><br>
<p>Jeffrey Ambroziak (1989 section), cartographer, inventor, and attorney.</p><br>
<p>Feni River  is a river in the Indian state of Tripura and southeastern Bangladesh. It is a trans-boundary river with an ongoing dispute about water rights. The Feni River originates in South Tripura district and flows through Sabroom town and then enters Bangladesh. Muhuri River, also called Little Feni, from Noakhali District joins it near its mouth. The river is navigable by small boats as far as Ramgarh, about 80 km upstream.</p><br>
<p>The question of sharing of the waters of the river between India and Pakistan was first discussed in 1958. Through at least 2006 the countries continued to consider possible compromises.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Feni River originates in South Tripura district and flows through Sabroom town and then enters Bangladesh. Muhuri River, also called Little Feni, from Noakhali District joins it near its mouth. The river is navigable throughout the year by small boats up to Ramgarh, some 80 km upstream.</p><br>
<h2>Dispute</h2><br>
<p>The question of sharing of the waters of the river between India and Pakistan was discussed as early as 1958.</p><br>
<p>Reports from Pakistan in 2007 said, "India is trying to withdraw water from Feni River for irrigation projects in exchange of resolving erosion problem in Bangladesh side of this bordering river."</p><br>
<p>According to statement on sharing of river waters with Bangladesh, released by India in 2007, "Feni River has been added to its mandate in the 36th JRC meeting. A decision was taken in the meeting that the Ministers of Water Resources of both the countries would visit the sites where developmental works have been held up. This Joint Inspection of various locations of developmental and flood protection works on common rivers was held from September 14–21, 2006."</p><br>
<h2>Inland port in Tripura</h2><br>
<p>Sabroom in South Tripura, in India, is only 18 to 20 km from the Bay of Bengal, but it is a virtually a landlocked territory. In 2007, there was a thinking that an inland harbour could be built at Sabroom, connected to the sea through a canal, if Bangladesh allowed it. The construction of such a harbour could reduce considerably the cost of transportation of goods from the rest of India to Tripura and the north-east of India. However, the idea had not been acted on through 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Bridge</h2><br>
<p>A bridge is to be built over the Feni River to link up with Tripura. Construction was set to begin in December 2010 for the 150 m link between Sabroom and Ramgarh. When completed, the bridge would provide the only land link between India&#39;s eastern states and its western states other than through Assam.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone for the bridge was officially laid by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in June 2015. The cost of constructing the bridge, as well as the approach roads to it in both Bangladesh and India, will be borne by India. The Tripura Public Works Department was appointed to execute the project. When completed, the bridge will connect Tripura with the Chittagong port in Bangladesh providing landlocked North East India with access to the sea, and enabling the transport of heavy machines and goods to North East India via Bangladesh.</p><br>
<p>The Luga River  is a river in Novgorodsky and Batetsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast and Luzhsky, Volosovsky, Slantsevsky, and Kingiseppsky Districts of Leningrad Oblast of Russia. The river flows into the Luga Bay of the Gulf of Finland. It freezes up in the early December and stays under the ice until early April. The length of the Luga is 353 km, and the area of its drainage basin is 13,200 km&sup2;. Its main tributary is the Oredezh River . The towns of Luga and Kingisepp, as well as the urban-type settlement of Tolmachyovo are located on the banks of the Luga. The mouth of the Luga is the site of the Ust-Luga container terminal.</p><br>
<p>The source of the Luga is located in a peat production area in the northwest of Novgorod Oblast, several dozen kilometers northwest of the city of Veliky Novgorod. The river flows south, crosses into Batetsky District, and gradually turns west. A stretch of the Luga serves the border between Novgorod and Leningrad Oblasts. There, the Luga flows northwest, in the town of Luga turns north, accepts the Oredezh from the right, and flows through the urban-type settlement of Tolmachyovo. There, it turns northwest and reaches the border of Luzhsky District. A stretch of the Luga forms the borders between Gatchinsky and Volosovsky, Slantsevsky and Volosovsky, and Kingiseppsky and Volosovsky Districts. In the town of Kingisepp the Luga turns north and subsequently northeast. The mouth of the Luga River is located in the settlement of Ust-Luga.</p><br>
<p>The drainage basin of the Luga includes large areas in the north of Novgorod Oblast (Novgorodsky and Batetsky Districts), as well as in the southwest of Leningrad Oblast (Gatchinsky, Luzhsky, Volosovsky, Slantsevsky, and Kingiseppsky Districts). In particular, it contains Shum-gora, an archaeological site near the banks of the river in Novgorodsky Oblast, and the Mshinskoye Boloto Zakaznik in Leningrad Oblast, shared between the basins of the Oredezh and the Yashchera.</p><br>
<p>The Luga below the town of Kingisepp is navigable however, there is no passenger navigation.</p><br>
<p>Titterstone Clee Hill, sometimes referred to as Titterstone Clee or, incorrectly, Clee Hill , is a prominent hill in the rural English county of Shropshire, rising at the summit to 533 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the Clee Hills, in the Shropshire Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The nearest town to the hill is Ludlow, which can be seen from parts of Cleehill village.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Titterstone Clee is the third-highest hill in Shropshire, surpassed only by the nearby Brown Clee Hill (540 m) and Stiperstones (536 m). Much of the higher part of the hill is common land, used for the grazing of sheep, air traffic control services and both working and disused quarries. The summit of Titterstone Clee is bleak, treeless and shaped by decades of quarrying. Many of the industrial structures still remain, and contribute to the intimidating and mysterious atmosphere of the hill top, especially during the prolonged winter fogs that descend over these hills.</p><br>
<p>Investigations have led some individuals to claim that Titterstone Clee was once an active volcano. However, this was conclusively shown to be incorrect in the 1930s when exposures clearly revealed an intrusive origin for the igneous rock which is found beneath the higher ground. Locally this is known as Dhu Stone (Welsh for Black Stone); geologically it is an olivine basalt, sometimes coarse enough to be a dolerite. It appears to have been intruded as a sill between sandstone layers within the unconsolidated strata of the Middle Westphalian soon after deposition of the latter.</p><br>
<p>The weather on Titterstone Clee Hill can be particularly hazardous, with locally famous fog and drizzle being commonplace. Snow and ice can also cause problems in winter, as well as gales.</p><br>
<p>Most of the summit of the hill is affected by man-made activity, the result of hill fort construction during the Bronze and Iron Ages and, more recently, by years of mining for coal and quarrying for dhustone (dolerite) to be used in road-building. Also, many derelict quarry buildings are scattered over the hill, now used only by sheep sheltering from the worst of weather but interesting from an industrial archaeology point of view as very early examples of the use of reinforced concrete. Combined, these give the summit of the hill an eerie, other-worldly feel.</p><br>
<p>The A4117 between Cleobury Mortimer and Ludlow runs to the south of Titterstone Clee, and rises to 1,250 ft above sea level at its highest point on Clee Hill Common. Because of this, the road is often affected by snow in winter.</p><br>
<p>The village of Cleehill lies on this road as it crosses the hill and, at 1,296 ft above sea level, it is home to the highest pub in Shropshire, called The Kremlin, and also to the highest primary school. On the northeast slope of the hill is the small village of Cleeton St Mary.</p><br>
<p>From the hill it is possible on a clear day to see west to Snowdonia, north east to the Peak District, east to the Black Country, south east to the Cotswolds, south to the Malvern Hills, and south west to the Black Mountains and Brecon Beacons. The hill is said to provide one of the best views in England on a clear day.</p><br>
<h2>History, quarrying and land usage</h2><br>
<p>Over the years Titterstone Clee has been subject to much quarrying for dhustone or basalt. It is because of this that the hill is littered with many abandoned quarries. In medieval times ironstone and, later, coal were mined, in particular from bell pits: localised mine shafts, one of which has now flooded to form a lake. The largest quarries have sheer drops of up to around 100 feet (30m).</p><br>
<p>Before the Second World War, the area would be described as industrial, because of the presence of wide-scale quarrying and associated activity. Men came from places such as Bridgnorth and Ludlow to work in the quarries, and the villages of Bedlam and Dhustone on Titterstone Clee were built especially for the quarry workers. Crumbling remains of quarry buildings now litter the hill, reminders of a bygone industry that once employed more than 2,000 people here. An old narrow gauge railway incline is still visible on the hill and a large concrete structure under which the wagons were filled with stone still remains next to the modern day car park. Nearby, on the flanks of Clee Hill, a standard gauge railway incline provided means of exporting quarried stone from above Cleehill village. This railway infrastructure remained intact until abandoned in the early 1960s. In the past the quarries have also been worked (on a much smaller scale) for coal, fireclay and limestone.</p><br>
<p>Early in the 20th century, a further large quarry (the Magpie Quarry) opened on the eastern side of Clee Hill and an aerial ropeway was built to carry stone off the hill eastwards to the railway at Detton Ford. The footings for the tall pylons which supported the wires still remain near the summit, parallel to the modern day track to the radar domes.</p><br>
<p>Clee Hill is still quarried behind Cleehill village. Quarrying resumed here in the late 1980s, 50 years after the Titterstone Clee Dhustone quarry closed just below the summit. The main buildings of the quarry are just visible from the A4117 road but virtually hidden from view by ingenious landscaping.</p><br>
<p>Several radar domes and towers operate on the summit of the hill. The largest of the radar arrays is part of the National Air Traffic Services (NATS) radar network, and covers one of 30 overlapping regions of UK airspace. The one on Titterstone Clee monitors all aircraft within a 100-mile radius. The smaller of the two is a Met Office weather radar which is part of a network of 16 radars across the country used to detect cloud precipitation (rain). The domes and masts are well-known local landmarks, with one in particular often being nicknamed "the golf ball" because of it looking like a giant teed-up golf ball. They can be seen for many miles, even from some parts of The Black Country.</p><br>
<p>A 20th century triangulation pillar marks the summit, whilst just to the left of it are the remains of a Bronze Age cairn, dating back up to 4,000 years and indicating that the summit was a likely ceremonial site. Although partly destroyed by quarrying, Titterstone Clees Iron Age hill fort or encampment, enclosed by a huge boundary earthworks, has fared better than those on Brown Clee. It is of note that the walls of the fort are made up of stone blocks, instead of earth banks. Also near the summit is the Giants Chair - a pile of boulders created during cold phases of the Devensian ice age.</p><br>
<p>Clee Hill is one of only a few hills and mountains noted on the Hereford Mappa Mundi, a 13th-century map of the world displayed at Hereford Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>Titterstone Clee is popular with walkers, but much less so than nearby hills such as the Long Mynd. Walkers can access the summit by taking the A4117 from just past Bewdley and Ludlow. About three quarters of a mile to the Ludlow side of Cleehill village, turn right up the single-track road signposted "Dhustone" and "Titterstone Clee summit". Drive to the top of the track and park on the old railway yard near the old quarry buildings. To walk to the summit follow the track around the radar installations.</p><br>
<h2>In fiction</h2><br>
<p>Titterstone Clee plays a central role in the Ellis Peters&#39; novel The Virgin in the Ice.</p><br>
<p>Traun is a river in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. Its source is in the Totes Gebirge mountain range in Styria. It flows through the Salzkammergut area and the lakes Hallstätter See and Traunsee. The Traun is a right tributary of the Danube, which it meets near the City of Linz. Other towns along the river are Bad Aussee, Bad Ischl, Gmunden, Wels and Traun.</p><br>
<p>Until the late 19th century, it was only possible to reach Hallstatt by boat or via narrow trails. However this secluded and inhospitable landscape nevertheless counts as one of the first places of human settlement due to the rich sources of natural salt, which was mined for thousands of years, originally in the shape of hearts. Some of Hallstatt&#39;s oldest archaeological finds, such as a shoe-last celt - a long thin stone tool used to fell trees and to work wood - date back to around 5000 B.C.</p><br>
<p>One of the first blacksmith&#39;s sites was excavated there. Active trade and thus wealth allowed for the development of a highly sophisticated society, hence the term Hallstatt culture.</p><br>
<p>In 1846, a large prehistoric cemetery was discovered close by the current location of Hallstatt. There is little room for cemeteries so every ten years bones used to be exhumed and removed into an ossuary to make room for new burials. A collection of elaborately decorated skulls with the owners&#39; names, professions, death dates inscribed on them is on display at the local chapel.</p><br>
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<p>Lake Tuz  is the second largest lake in Turkey with its 1,665 km&sup2</p><br>
<p>surface area and one of the largest hypersaline lakes in the world. It is located in the Central Anatolia Region, 105 km northeast of Konya, 150 km south-southeast of Ankara and 57 km northwest of Aksaray.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>For most of the year, it is very shallow (approx.0.4 m). During winter part of the salt is dissolved in the fresh water that is introduced to the lake by precipitation and surface runoff (to 32.9% salinity). During the summer the lake dries up exposing an average of 30 cm thick salt layer in August. This mechanism is used as a basis for the process of the salt mines in the lake. The three mines operating in the lake produce 63% of the salt consumed in Turkey. The salt mining generates industrial activity in the region, mainly related to salt processing and refining.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, Lake Tuz was declared a specially protected area, including all of the lake surface and surrounding waterbeds and some of the important neighboring steppe areas. The main Turkish breeding colony of greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) is present on a group of islands in the southern part of the lake. Greater white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) is the second largest breeder here. Lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) is a common breeder in surrounding villages.</p><br>
<p>The Driva river runs through Sør-Trøndelag and Møre og Romsdal counties in Norway. The headwaters lie in the Dovrefjell mountains in the south, from where it flows northward, downward through the valley Drivdalen in the municipality of Oppdal. In Oppdal it turns westward down the Sunndalen valley to the Sunndalsfjord at Sunndalsøra in the municipality of Sunndal. Some of the other villages along the river include Grøa, Hoelsand, and Lønset. At Gjøra the river changes name to Sunndalselva. </p><br>
<p>Many of the tributaries on the west side of the Oppdal valley are dry; the waters in reservoirs formed from the many mountain lakes in that region flow in pipes through the mountain to Driva hydroelectric station at Fale in Sunndal. The largest lake in the reservoir system is Gjevillvatnet which is about 20 km long and about 1 km wide.</p><br>
<p>Before the last ice age, Driva drained northwards from Oppdal and joined the Orkla river. The uppermost part of the river in Sunndalen with the tributaries from Gjevilvatnet, Dindalen and Storlidalen then drained eastwards to Oppdal and joined the older Driva there. These three tributaries flows eastwards even today, until they meet the westward-flowing Driva.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pilgrims followed the Driva on their way to the St. Olav shrine in Trondheim during the Middle Ages. As a result of the heavy stream of pilgrims who followed the Pilgrim&#39;s Route prior to the Reformation, king Øystein erected mountain stations where the pilgrims could find food and shelter. Kongsvoll, located on the Driva River, was one of these stations, another was Drivstua.</p><br>
<h2>Angling</h2><br>
<p>The Driva was formerly an excellent salmon river, but the parasite Gyrodactylus salaris has decimated the salmon stock. It is an excellent sea trout river, usually ranked number 1 (or at least 2) in Norway, by total catch. Salmon and sea trout migrate up to Magalaupet (approximately 80 km) and at optimal water discharge probably even further. Especially for sea trout this is an unusually long migration, although the majority of trout in Driva do not wander so far.</p><br>
<p>The only tributary with a run of anadromous fish, is the Grøvu. A river that enters from the south/west soon after Driva has reached the Sunndal valley. Grøvu is also Drivas biggest tributary, and well known for the "Åmotan". A part of the Grøvu valley where 5 rivers meet, 3 of them coming down dramatic waterfalls. Grøvu is also world known as a good river for extreme kayaking.</p><br>
<p>The Pelagie Islands , from the Greek πέλαγος, pélagos meaning "open sea", are the three small islands of Lampedusa, Linosa, and Lampione, located in the Mediterranean Sea between Malta and Tunisia, south of Sicily. To the northwest lie the island of Pantelleria and the Strait of Sicily. Geographically part of the archipelago  belongs to the African continent; politically and administratively the islands fall within the Sicilian province of Agrigento and represent the southernmost part of Italy.</p><br>
<p>Despite pockets of agriculture, the islands are unnaturally barren due to wanton deforestation and the disappearance of the native olive groves, juniper and carob plantations. Fifty years ago much of the landscape was farmland bounded by dry stone walls but today, the local economy is based on fishing &ndash; sponge fishing and canning &ndash; supplemented by tourism in Lampedusa.</p><br>
<h2>Marine protected area</h2><br>
<p>Of particular ecological concern in the islands is the protection of the Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) which is endangered throughout the Mediterranean as a result of its nesting sites being taken over by tourism. In Italy the beaches of Pozzolana di Ponente on Linosa and Isola dei conigli on Lampedusa are two of the last remaining sites where the turtle regularly lays its eggs, the others (larger) being in southern Calabria (close to Reggio Calabria). The Area Marina Protetta Isole Pelagie nature reserve, covering all three islands, was instituted in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Pinzón Island, sometimes called Duncan Island , is an island in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.</p><br>
<p>Pinzón is home to giant Galápagos tortoises of the endemic subspecies Chelonoidis duncanensis, Galápagos sea lions and other endemic species. It has no visitor facilities and a permit is required to visit.</p><br>
<p>It has an area of 18 km and a maximum altitude of 458 meters.</p><br>
<p>Pinzón marks the geographical center of the Galápagos Islands, but neither of the two main Galápagos tree species are present. In the humid zone a unique species of daisy tree is found.</p><br>
<p>An infestation of non-native rats began in the mid 18th century with the arrival of European sailors. The rats devastated the tortoise population by eating their eggs and young hatchlings that were too small to defend themselves. In 2012, conservationists dropped bait on the island designed to attract and kill the rats. The experiment worked and the island is now rat-free. In December 2014, the first new generation of tortoise hatchlings were spotted on Pinzón.</p><br>
<p>Burning Mountain, the common name for Mount Wingen, is a hill near Wingen, New South Wales, Australia, approximately 224 km north of Sydney just off the New England Highway. It takes its name from a smouldering coal seam running underground through the sandstone. Burning Mountain is contained within the Burning Mountain Nature Reserve, which is administered by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service .</p><br>
<p>A trail with information panels runs from the parking lots to the site where smoke emanates from the ground.</p><br>
<h2>Coal seam fire</h2><br>
<p>The underground fire is estimated to be at a depth of around 30 m. It is estimated that the fire has burned for approximately 6,000 years and is the oldest known coal fire.</p><br>
<p>European explorers and settlers to the area believed the smoke, coming from the ground, was volcanic in origin. It was not until 1829 that geologist Reverend C.P.N. Wilton identified it as a coal seam fire.</p><br>
<p>The fire is generally moving in a southerly direction at a rate of about 1 m per year. The combustion has caused soil discolouration and an uneven ground surface in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Aleutian Trench  is an oceanic trench along a convergent plate boundary which runs along the southern coastline of Alaska and the Aleutian islands. The trench extends for 3,400 km from a triple junction in the west with the Ulakhan Fault and the northern end of the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, to a junction with the northern end of the Queen Charlotte Fault system in the east. It is classified as a "marginal trench" in the east as it runs along the margin of the continent. The subduction along the trench gives rise to the Aleutian arc, a volcanic island arc, where it runs through the open sea west of the Alaska Peninsula. As a convergent plate boundary, the trench forms part of the boundary between two tectonic plates. Here, the Pacific Plate is being subducted under the North American Plate at a dip angle of nearly 45°. The rate of closure is 3 in per year.</p><br>
<h2>Trench morphology</h2><br>
<p>The north side of the trench slopes 3°–4° and the south side 1°–4°. The deepest part of the Aleutian trench has been measured at 7,822 m at 51.21°N, 174.83°E., located about 145 km SSW of Buldir Island.</p><br>
<p>Center pressure: 10,762 psi. Variations in total magnetic intensity (residual) of more than 600 γ (600 nanoteslas) were found in the center of the trench and more than 1100 γ on the southern flank.</p><br>
<h2>Associated seismicity</h2><br>
<p>The subduction of the Pacific Plate below the North American Plate along the Aleutian Trench is associated with numerous earthquakes. Several of these earthquakes are notable for their size and/or associated tsunamis.</p><br>
<p>April 1, 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake: This magnitude 8.1 earthquake occurred offshore Unimak Island, and caused only minor damage on land. However, the shaking generated a tsunami which killed 5 on the island and caused damage on other Aleutian Islands and North and South America. In Hilo, Hawaii, the tsunami killed 159 and caused extensive damage.</p><br>
<p>March 9, 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake: This magnitude 8.6 earthquake occurred south of the Andreanof Islands. The earthquake itself caused damage on Adak Island and Umnak Island and generated a Pacific-wide tsunami. The tsunami caused extensive damage in Scotch Cap on Unimak Island, including the destruction of the Scotch Cap Light, and destroyed two villages in the Hawaiian Islands. The tsunami was recorded as far away as Chile.</p><br>
<p>February 4 1965 Rat Islands earthquake: This magnitude 8.7 earthquake triggered a tsunami that struck Shemya Island and was observed around the Pacific, but caused little damage.</p><br>
<p>May 7, 1986 Andreanof Islands earthquake: This magnitude 7.9 earthquake caused damage on Adak Island and Atka Island. The resultant tsunami was recorded throughout the Pacific.</p><br>
<p>On June 23, 2014, a 7.9 quake occurred near Little Sitkin Island, Alaska.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 2017, a magnitude 7.7 quake occurred 198 km ESE of Nikol&#39;skoye Russia.</p><br>
<p>Lake Anna is one of the largest freshwater inland reservoirs in Virginia, covering an area of 13,000 acre, and located 72 mi south of Washington, D.C. in Louisa and Spotsylvania counties . The lake is easily accessible from Richmond and Charlottesville, and is one of the most popular recreational lakes in the state.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir is formed by the North Anna Dam on the North Anna River at 38&deg;00&prime;47&Prime;N latitude, 77&deg;42&prime;46&Prime;W longitude. In 1968, Virginia Electric and Power Company (now Dominion) purchased 18,000 acre of farmlands in three counties along the North Anna and Pamunkey rivers to provide clean, fresh water to cool the nuclear power generating plants at the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station adjacent to the lake. By 1972 the lake bottom was cleared of all timber and the dam was nearing completion. It was projected to take three years to completely fill the lake, but with the additional rainfall from Hurricane Agnes, the lake was full in only 18 months. The first communities broke ground at about that same time and now some 120 different communities dot the shores of the lake. In June 1978, the first of the two reactors went into commercial operation. The second unit followed in December 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Lake Anna is approximately 17 mi long from tip to tip, with 200 mi of shoreline. The lake is divided into two sides: the public side (also known as the "cold" side) and the private side (also known as the "hot" side). The public side is roughly 9,000 acre, while the private side is roughly 4,000 acre. The private side is formed of three main bodies of water, connected by navigable canals. The public and private sides are divided by three stone dikes. The private side has no marinas or public access ramps; only property owners and North Anna Power Station employees have access to the waters of the private side. The public side has several marinas and boat launches, including a boat ramp at the state park. The public side sees significantly higher boat traffic than the private side, especially on summer weekends.</p><br>
<p>The public side is known as the "cold" side because it provides water to cool the generators at the power plant; the private or "hot" side receives warm water discharge from the power plant. The private side can be substantially warmer than the public side, especially near the discharge point, where it can be too hot for swimming. The private side has an extended water sports season. Some water circulates back out of the private side into the public side through underground channels; consequently, the public side is warmer in the southern area near the dam. In the winter, some fish migrate to these warmer waters.</p><br>
<p>Preliminary steps toward the addition of a third reactor have raised protests from environmentalists and property owners, who fear an increase in the water temperature and a decrease in the water level, particularly on the private side. According to Dominion, the water discharged from the plant is usually about 14 &deg;F warmer than the intake water.</p><br>
<h3>North Anna Dam</h3><br>
<p>The dam creating the lake, North Anna Dam, is a 5,000 ft and 90 ft earthen embankment dam. It is 30 ft wide at its crest which sits at an elevation of 265 ft above sea level. The dams spillway is located in the center of its body and is 200 ft wide, containing three main 40 ft and 30 ft radial gates. Two smaller 8.5 ft wide and tall gates on the outer edges of the spillway section maintain normal discharges. Normal elevation for the reservoir is 250 ft. The dams hydroelectric power plant is located on the west side of the spillway and is supplied with water via a 5 ft penstock. The plant consists of two small open runner turbine-generators, the larger with a 775 kW capacity and the smaller rated at 225 kW for a combined installed capacity of 1 megawatt.</p><br>
<h2>Use and recreation</h2><br>
<p>Lake Anna State Park, offering picnic areas and boat launching ramps, is located directly on the lake&#39;s public side eastern shore. The park has a maintained beach area with snack bar, docks, an exhibit center and several miles of hiking, horse trails and tours including visits to the remains of Goodwin gold mine and gold panning. The state park offers rental cabins for overnight lodging.</p><br>
<h3>Events</h3><br>
<p>Lake Anna is the site of several major water-related events including:</p><br>
<p>Rumpus in Bumpass, an annual spring triathlon festival, with an International/Olympic-distance race and a sprint-distance race held on consecutive days.</p><br>
<p>The Kinetic Race weekend in May with a on Saturday and a on Sunday</p><br>
<p>The Giant Acorn triathlon weekend in the fall, featuring an International/Olympic-distance triathlon followed by a sprint-distance triathlon on the next day.</p><br>
<p>St. Stephens Episcopal Church is a historic parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania, founded in 1822 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and located at 19 South Tenth Street, on the corner of Tenth Street and Ludlow Street. St. Stephens was designed by William Strickland in the Gothic revival style. It is the oldest extant building in Philadelphia in this style and was designed by a master of the Greek Revival style, thus marking the beginning of the end of the use of the Neo-Classical style in Philadelphia. St. Stephen&#39;s first service was held on February 27, 1823. On June 4, 1979, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Strickland was inexperienced in designing Gothic Revival buildings, as were other American architects at the time. The National Register of Historic Places nomination form states "The structure is imperfect Gothic, but Gothic nevertheless." In particular, there is little emphasis on vertical elements, as is usual in Gothic architecture. Architect Frank Furness added a transept and vestry room in 1879. Artwork includes a Venetian glass mosaic, three early Tiffany windows, three monumental sculptures by Carl Johann Steinhauser, and until it was purchased by the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 2004, the sculpture The Angel of Purity by Augustus Saint-Gaudens.</p><br>
<p>A plaque on the outside front wall reads: "THIS CHURCH IS BUILT ON THE SITE WHERE BENJ. FRANKLIN FLEW HIS FAMOUS KITE," though the provenance of the marker is unclear, and apparently unrelated to the oval Philadelphia Historical Commission marker above it.</p><br>
<h2>Rectors</h2><br>
<p>In the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, the rector is the priest elected to head a self-supporting parish.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. James Montgomery (1823-1834)</p><br>
<p>Rev Dr. H. W. Ducachet (1834-1865)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. William Rudder (1865-1880)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. Samuel D. McConnell (1882-1896)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. Elwood Worcester (1896-1904)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. Carl E. Grammer (1905-1936)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. Vincent C. Franks (1937-1939)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. Alfred W. Price (1942-)</p><br>
<p>Rev Roy Hendricks (1971-1983)</p><br>
<p>Rev Patricia A. Oglesby, interim (1983-1985)</p><br>
<p>Rev Robert A. Schiesler (1985-1990)</p><br>
<p>Rev Charles T. Flood vicar and then rector (1990-2016)</p><br>
<p>Rev Peter Kountz, PhD, vicar (2016-present)</p><br>
<p>Klein Curaçao  is a 1.7 km&sup2; uninhabited island south-east of Curaçao in the Caribbean Sea, and is part of the Dutch country of Curaçao. The only structures on the island are an old lighthouse, a beach house, and several huts. Klein Curaçao is well known as a beautiful diving-spot because of its coral and underwater caves. It&#39;s fairly easy to spot colorful fish and sea turtles when snorkeling.</p><br>
<p>Formerly, goats were allowed to roam the island, which contributed to desertification. In 1871, John Godden, an English mining engineer, visited the island, and until 1886 phosphate was mined and exported to Europe. The island was mined out, the level of the island dropped, and seabird populations plummeted. Currently, reforestation is being undertaken by CARMABI Marine Research Station, Curaçao. The island also played a part in the slave trade. The Dutch West India Company brought many slaves from Africa to Curaçao. Before these slaves came ashore in Curaçao, the sick were placed in quarantine at Klein Curaçao. The remains of this first quarantine building can still be found in the northwest of the island. The slaves, and other passengers who did not survive the voyage, were buried at Klein Curaçao. There are several graves in the southern part of the island.</p><br>
<p>The Dutch West India Company were also given licenses to hunt the highly endangered monk seal on Klein Curaçao. Like its mother island of Curaçao, the island is little affected by hurricanes, but several storms have left their mark. The first was the hurricane of 1877, which destroyed the first lighthouse on the island. The next lighthouse, which still survives, was built in the interior of the island.</p><br>
<p>Klein Curaçao has no permanent inhabitants, only a few palm-frond covered sheds for day trippers from Curaçao, and apart from some coconut palms has little vegetation. There are some fishermen&#39;s huts where fishermen normally stay for some days. They get water from the Coast Guard of Curaçao. The windward side is a graveyard for boats that did not stay out far enough or lost power. A small tanker, the Maria Bianca Guidesman, is gradually being demolished by the constant pounding of the waves. The remains of another four or five boats have been washed far onshore.</p><br>
<p>Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project is a proposed project to create a shipping route in the shallow straits between India and Sri Lanka. This would provide a continuously navigable sea route around the Indian Peninsula. The channel would be dredged in the Sethusamudram sea between Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka, passing through the limestone shoals of Adams Bridge ).</p><br>
<p>The project involves digging a 44.9 nmi long deepwater channel linking the shallow Palk Strait with the Gulf of Mannar. Conceived in 1860 by Alfred Dundas Taylor, it recently received approval of the Indian government.</p><br>
<p>The proposed route through the shoals of Adam&#39;s Bridge is opposed by some groups on religious, environmental and economical grounds. Five alternative routes were considered that avoid damage to the shoals. The most recent plan is to dig the channel roughly in the middle of the straits to provide the shortest course and the course requiring least maintenance. This plan avoids the demoltion of Ram Setu.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Because of its shallow waters, Sethusamudramthe sea separating Sri Lanka from Indiapresents a hindrance to navigation through the Palk Strait. Though trade across the India-Sri Lanka divide has been active since at least the first millennium BCE, it has been limited to small boats and dinghies. Larger oceangoing vessels coming from the West have had to navigate around Sri Lanka to reach India&#39; eastern coast. Eminent British geographer Major James Rennell surveyed the region in late 18th century; he suggested that a "navigable passage could be maintained by dredging the of Ramisseram ". Little notice was given to his proposal, perhaps because it came from "so young and an unknown officer", and the idea was only revived 60 years later. Efforts were made in 1838 to dredge the canal, but the passage did not remain navigable for any vessels except those with a shallow draft.</p><br>
<p>The project was possibly conceived in 1860 by Commander A. D. Taylor of the Indian Marines, and has been reviewed many times without a decision being made. It has been part of the election manifestos of all political parties during elections. The Government of India appointed the Sethu Samudram Project Committee in 1955headed by Dr. A. Ramasamy Mudaliarwhich was charged with examining the desirability of the project. After evaluating the costs and benefits, this committee found the project feasible and viable. However it strongly recommended an overland passage instead of a channel cutting through Rama&#39;s Bridge. A land passage would have several advantages, such as avoiding shifting sandbanks and navigational hazards. Several reviews of the proposals followed until the United Progressive Alliance Government of India headed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced the inauguration of the project on 2 July 2005.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh appointed Rajendra K. Pachauri as the head of a six-member committee to look at an alternative alignment avoiding the sensitive Ramar Sethu stretch. In 2013, the committee released its report calling the project "unviable both from the economic as well as ecological angles". The Indian government rejected the committee&#39;s report and decided to go ahead with the project in its current form.</p><br>
<h3>Alignments suggested by earlier committees</h3><br>
<h2>Issues</h2><br>
<h3>Economic</h3><br>
<p>Some naval hydrographers and experts suggest that the project is unlikely to be financially viable or serve ships in any significant way. The time savings for ships sailing from Kanyakumari or Tuticorin is between 10 and 30 hours. Ships from destinations in the Middle East, Africa, Mauritius and Europe, would save an average of 8 hours using the canal. At the present tariff rates, ships from Africa and Europe will lose on every voyage because the savings in time for these ships are considerably lower than what is calculated in the DPR. This loss is significant because 65% of the canal&#39;s projected users are from Africa and Europe. If tariffs are lowered to a point where ships from Africa and Europe will not lose money from using the canal, the IRR of the project falls to 2.6%. This is a level at which even public infrastructure projects are rejected by the government.</p><br>
<p>The canal is designed for ships of 30,000 metric tonnes and lighter. Most new ships weighing more than 60,000 tonnes and tankers weighing above 150,000 tonnes cannot use this canal.</p><br>
<h3>Costs of project</h3><br>
<p>Axis Bank Ltd. was appointed "loan arranger" for the project in 2005.Since its inception in 2004, costs have risen to at least, interest rates have risen and old loan terms have lapsed. The loan sanctions, valid only up to, lapsed. To secure more money, Sethusamudram Corp. Ltd would have to draw up new reports, sit with parliamentary committees and receive fresh approval. The project cost which originally were will grow by almost, a shipping ministry source said.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental impact</h3><br>
<p>The project would disturb the ecological balance and destroy corals. The area is an important fishing ground for Tamil Nadu and the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is in the vicinity of the proposed project.</p><br>
<p>Tsunami expert Professor Tad Murtywho advised the Government of India on the tsunami warning systemhas said that the planned route may result in increased impact from tsunami waves. He wrote, "During the Indian Ocean tsunami of 26 December 2004, the southern part of Kerala was generally spared from a major tsunami, mainly because the tsunami waves from Sumatra region travelling south of the Sri Lankan island, partially diffracted northward and affected the central part of the Kerala coast. Since the tsunami is a long gravity wave (similar to tides and storm surges) during the diffraction process, the rather wide turn it has to take spared the south Kerala coast. On the other hand, deepening the Sethu Canal might provide a more direct route for the tsunami and this could impact south Kerala."</p><br>
<p>On 21 April 2010, the Supreme Court of India decided to delay the project to until an Environmental impact analysis on the feasibility of a route through Dhanuskodi instead of Rama&#39;s Bridge had been carried out.</p><br>
<h3>Religion</h3><br>
<p>Opposition to the project also came from Hindus, who see the Rama Sethu or Rama’s Bridge as the remains of a bridge created by Lord Rama.</p><br>
<p>Mount Bellenden Ker is the second highest mountain in Queensland, Australia, with a height of 1,593 m. It is named after the botanist John Bellenden Ker Gawler. Located 60 km south of Cairns near Babinda, it is adjacent to Mount Bartle Frere, the state&#39;s highest peak, part of the Bellenden Ker Range which is also known as the Wooroonooran Range. The two mountains dominate the Josephine Falls section of the Wooroonooran National Park. Both peaks are made of resistant granite and are remnants of an escarpment that has been eroded by the Russell and Mulgrave Rivers.</p><br>
<p>Several television transmitter towers have been built on the mountain. The only access to the television transmitter site and the mountain top weather station is by a privately owned cable car.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1873, Walter Hill, Queensland&#39;s first Colonial Botanist undertook an expedition to northern Queensland to collect native plants and included a trip to Mount Bellenden Ker. In the same year Robert Arthur Johnstone climbed the peak while exploring the coastal lands south of Cooktown with George Elphinstone Dalrymple. Another expedition to the summit, led by Archibald Meston (1851-1924), was conducted in early March to early February 1889.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<h3>Rainfall</h3><br>
<p>The rain gauge at its summit records an annual average rainfall of 8,312 mm, making it the wettest meteorological station in Australia. It also holds the record for the highest rainfall in a calendar year of 12,461 mm in 2000 and the highest rainfall in Australia for a calendar month of 5,387 mm in January 1979.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the mountain received more rainfall – 9,800 mm – than any other part of Australia. This was primarily due to two severe tropical cyclones passing close to the mountain. In 2010, Queensland&#39;s wettest year on record, the top station on the mountain recorded 12,438.4 mm, just under the 2000 record.</p><br>
<h3>Birds</h3><br>
<p>The mountain lies in the Wooroonooran Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because it supports populations of a range of bird species endemic to Queensland’s Wet Tropics.</p><br>
<p>Copperlode Dam or Lake Morris is a fresh water reservoir dam servicing the city of Cairns, Queensland, Australia. The dam is located in the range immediately west of the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally Cairns&#39; water needs were met with water drawn from Freshwater Creek and Behana Creek. It was evident to even the earliest settlers that a larger source of water would need to be secured as Cairns grew.</p><br>
<p>With this in mind, one of the citys engineers, F Morris, explored the Lamb Range to the west of the city to find a place to build a dam. In 1935 he found a site at Copperlode falls, near the headwaters of Freshwater Creek, that he thought would be suitable. Many years later, after a series of surveys confirmed the sites suitability, the State Government approved the site for construction of an earth and rock fill dam.</p><br>
<p>The State Government originally set aside A$3 million for the dam, but by the time the dam was completed on March 25, 1976, the total cost had risen to approximately $6.5 million. The reservoir holds 45,000 megalitres of water (in comparison to Lake Tinaroo&#39;s 407,000 megalitres).</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is named "Lake Morris" after the city engineer who discovered its site, but the dam itself is named after the waterfalls it replaced - Copperlode Falls.</p><br>
<p>Lake Eacham  is a popular lake of volcanic origin on the Atherton Tableland of Queensland, Australia, within the World Heritage listed Wet Tropics of Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>Lake Eacham (Yidyam) and the nearby Lake Barrine, were formed approximately 12,000 years ago by molten magma. Magma from the center of the earth rose to the surface and heated the water table. The steam that resulted from the boiling water was trapped underground, until massive explosions signalled its release. Huge cracks appeared in the ground and the trees that once lathed the mountainside were levelled and burnt. Eventually, over hundreds of years, water filled the craters and the trees grew back, creating the tranquil lake used today by families and tourists for recreation. There are no streams that flow into or out the lake, water is only lost through soakage and evaporation and only replenished through rainfall, the level can fluctuate up to 4 metres between wet and dry seasons.</p><br>
<p>The local Ngadjon -jii (Aboriginal peoples), name this lake Wiinggina and tell a parallel, matching story of the Lakes origins, as follows</p><br>
<p>"Two young fellas were trying to spear that wallaby. But they missed and hit a flame tree. That’s a sacred tree. The young fellas not supposed to be out hunting. They weren’t initiated. Their elders told them to stay put, not go out hunting. But they didn’t listen. When they pulled their spear out, part of a grub came out with the spear, which was a witchetty grub. They started cutting down that tree to get more grubs. When they cut down that tree, the ground began to shake. Those two fellas had made Yamini (rainbow serpent) angry. Then the sky turned orange, then all these people back at the camp, the earth went from underneath them, sucked them in, whoosh, they all got drowned. Where they were camped became Bana Wiingina (Lake Eacham)." (Warren Cannendo, Ngadjon-Jii)</p><br>
<p>This story, in all its local versions, is part of an indigenous oral history and mythology believed to be an oral record recalling those volcanic events that occurred 12 000 years ago, making it an oral record more than 10,000 years old.:</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>Back in 1886, Lake Eacham (Yidyam) was included within original survey plans subdividing the whole of the Lake Eacham area into farming blocks. By 1888, however, the scenic value of the lake was recognised, and both the lake plus a narrow band of shoreline rainforest were formally proclaimed "scenic reserve". For almost 50 years (1888–1936) the Lake was managed, used and enjoyed as a scenic reserve, with, at times, boats and boating; a guest house; speed boats; and watersking. In 1934, the Queensland Government declared the lake and immediate surrounds be protected and managed as a National Park.</p><br>
<p>There is a war memorial at Yungaburra near Lake Tinnaroo.</p><br>
<h2>A closed ecosystem and a near-extinction</h2><br>
<p>Lake Eacham (Yidyam) is isolated from any other watercourse (making it an enclosed catchment). How any fish arrived there to begin with is a mystery, but somehow, the Lake Eacham rainbowfish (Melanotaenia eachamensis) found its way into the volcanic lake. Unfortunately for the small species, other larger fish were introduced into this closed system and eventually, these larger fish ate the Lake Eacham rainbowfish into extinction - at least as far as the lake was concerned.</p><br>
<p>Aquarists had been collecting the fish from the Lake Eacham National Park (illegally) and were very successful at breeding them. These private collections became the source stock to reintroduce the fish to the lake. However, the cause of the species&#39; initial demise was still living in the lake and proceeded to deplete the entire population of reintroduced stock. Ichthyologists working in the rivers and streams of the Atherton Tableland have found the Lake Eacham rainbowfish in the Tully, Herbert and Johnstone Rivers and Dirran Creek.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the rainbowfish, Lake Eacham has two native fish species: The gudgeon Mogurnda adspersa and the hardyhead Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum. Other fish in the lake are non-native human introductions.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area status</h2><br>
<p>Lake Eacham (Yidyam) is the main feature of the 4.89 km² (1,210 acres) Crater Lakes National Park, with a dense rainforest and thousands of small animals. It is therefore a protected area under Queensland State legislation (Nature Conservation Act 1994), and, as such, the natural and cultural resources most closely associated with the lake are protected and managed by the Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service.</p><br>
<p>The lake has an average depth of 65.5 metres (215 ft) and is considered by locals as being ideal for swimming, canoeing, bushwalking, and bird watching. No motor boats are allowed on the lake. It features a pontoon great for diving into the deep water. A large grassy area is set aside for recreation. There is a circuit walk around the lake that takes around 45 minutes to complete. There are also a population of turtles that can usually be seen just to the left of the pontoon.</p><br>
<p>Cedros Island  is a Mexican island in the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cedros Island is located in Ensenada Municipality, off the west coast of the Mexican state of Baja California, from which it is separated by 100 km Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay. It is northwest of Punta Eugenia in Mulegé Municipality - the westernmost point of the state of Baja California Sur mainland. It also lies north of Isla Natividad (off Punta Eugenia, and also part of Mulegé Municipality) from which it is separated by the Canal de Keller, and some from San Diego. The island has an area of 348.295 km&sup2;, being the fourth-largest island in Mexico (following Tiburón Island, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Cozumel).</p><br>
<p>Between Cedros Island and Isla Natividad runs the 28th parallel north, which defines the border between the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur. The Islas San Benito, about west and 3.899 km&sup2; in area, are administratively part of Cedros Island.</p><br>
<p>The Isla de Cedros was named by early Spanish explorers who mistakenly associated the large amounts of redwood and cedar driftwood arriving with the California current for local pines visible on the crest of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Population and settlements</h2><br>
<p>It constitutes one of the 24 subdivisions (delegaciones) of the municipio of Ensenada. The 2005 census showed a total population of 1,350 persons.</p><br>
<p>The borough "seat" is Cedros town ("Pueblo Cedros"), on the southern east coast. Pueblo Cedros is largely associated with Pescadores Nacionales de Abulón, the lobster and abalone fishing cooperative based on the island. It was founded by fishermen in 1922.</p><br>
<p>The second town is Puerto Morro Redondo (in short, El Morro), close to the southeastern point of the island, El Morro. It is a "company town," built by the joint Mexican Government and Mitsubishi Corporation to house the workers of the salt-transshipment facility on the island. Salt from the salt evaporation ponds of Guerrero Negro on the Baja California peninsula is taken by barge to a deepwater salt dock near Puerto Morro Redondo, at the south end of Cedros Island, where it is loaded onto ships for export. There is regularly scheduled air service to the island from Ensenada, departing every Monday and Wednesday, and landing at an airstrip at the south end, adjacent to the "company town," while a 10 km road leads to "Pueblo Cedros". Open launch rides across the channel between Cedros and the mainland can also be arranged at the Abarrotes Ramales store in Bahia Tortugas, but travellers opting for this transport should be prepared to have a flexible schedule with several extra days in case of inclement weather conditions in the Channel.</p><br>
<p>The remaining settlements are smaller. Jerusalem is just west of El Morro, but on the western side of the airport, with regularly arranged residential units. It is frequently considered part of El Morro.</p><br>
<p>Lomas Blancas, a mining town with 17 buildings, is located between Cedros town and El Morro.</p><br>
<p>San Agustín, a typical fishing village with about 20 buildings, is located 1 km northeast of the southwestern point of the island, Cabo San Agustín.</p><br>
<p>La Colorada, on the southern west coast, with about 10 buildings, is 4 km north of San Agustín.</p><br>
<p>Wayle, 15 buildings on the western side of the southern bight Bahía del Sur, is 3 km northeast of San Agustín.</p><br>
<p>The mining town of Punta Norte (about 25 buildings) is located on the northern east coast, 3.5 km southeast of the northern end of the island, which is also called Punta Norte. 2 km to the southeast is Los Crestones mine.</p><br>
<p>List of settlements and locations:</p><br>
<p>#Cedros, {{coord|28|05|45.5|N|115|11|12.4|W}}</p><br>
<p>#Puerto Morro Redondo, {{coord|28|02|18.6|N|115|11|12.0|W}}</p><br>
<p>#Jerusalem, {{coord|28|02|24|N|115|11|29|W}}</p><br>
<p>#Lomas Blancas, {{coord|28|04|44|N|115|11|07|W}}</p><br>
<p>#San Agustín, {{coord|28|04|54.6|N|115|20|20.6|W}}</p><br>
<p>#La Colorada, {{coord|28|07|01.2|N|115|21|07.0|W}}</p><br>
<p>#Wayle, {{coord|28|05|34|N|115|18|47|W}}</p><br>
<p>#Punta Norte, {{coord|28|21|15|N|115|11|39|W}}</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Isla Cedros was home to some of the earliest occupants of the Pacific Coast of North America, and its later indigenous inhabitants had developed a way of life finely attuned to the conditions of this arid but resource-rich island. They had probably reached an overall population around 1,000-1,200 inhabitants by the time of European contact. These native peoples possessed sophisticated maritime technology and watercraft and depended largely on ocean resources for their livelihood.</p><br>
<p>These peoples were Cochimí speakers, related to the Native American tribes of Southern California, the lower Colorado River, and Western Arizona.</p><br>
<p>Currently, archaeological research into the indigenous history of the island is being conducted by researchers from California State University, Northridge and Oregon State University, under the direction of Dr. Matthew R. Des Lauriers. More than 70 archaeological sites have been identified, with several dating in excess of 10,000 years old.</p><br>
<p>In 1539, when the Spanish expedition led by Francisco de Ulloa landed on the island, it encountered several villages with populations at each estimated in the hundreds. Finding it difficult to reach the remaining Indians on the island, the Jesuit missionaries practiced Indian reductions and brought them all to Misión San Ignacio Kadakaamán, in San Ignacio on the Baja California mainland in 1732.</p><br>
<p>Hunters seeking seals and sea otters worked out the island between 1790 and 1850.</p><br>
<p>Gold and copper mining took place near Punta Norte between 1890 and 1917. The fishing village and cannery at Puerto Cedros were established in 1920. The fishing cooperative was founded in 1943, and the deepwater salt dock at the south end of the island was built in 1966. The island was mapped in detail by Mexican and U.S. geologists during the 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>Cedros Island is at most some 38 km long in N-S direction and 6.4 to 8 km wide in the northern half; the southern end is some 17 km wide in a NW-SE direction. The island consists of a variety of sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks, including part of an ophiolite complex and high-pressure, low temperature blueschists. Most of the rocks are of Mesozoic age, though some late Cenozoic strata crop out near the town in the southeastern corner of the island. Its highest peak, Monte Cedros, has an elevation of 1,205 m.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>The island is often shrouded in fog, so that some plants have adapted to receiving moisture from fog. The west side of the island is windswept and subject to heavy surf; Pacific hurricanes are not unusual. The lower elevations, in particular the south, receive very little rainfall, and desert vegetation prevails. At higher elevations and in the north, there are trees like Quercus cedrosensis live oaks, California juniper, and Monterey pines. Vargas or El Aguaje de Vargas is the most important spring with a flow of 180 drums of 200 lts or 55 gal each 12 hours; springs on the island are usually marked by groves of palm trees.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Large sea lion colonies are found on the rocks on the west side as well as the anchorage on the north end.</p><br>
<p>There are feral goats on Cedros. Unlike on other islands in the region (notably Guadalupe Island), they do not seem to have had a significant impact on the island ecosystem. This would be due to the fact that Cedros is on the continental shelf close to the coast and, at least temporarily, it must have been connected to the mainland during the last ice age when sea levels were lower than today. Then, and as a consequence of this, there are native to Cedros herbivores, which on one hand compete with the goat population for food and presumably have kept it from increasing beyond carrying capacity, and on the other hand forced the native plants to keep their defenses against herbivores, unlike plants on megaherbivoreless islands which tend to lack those defenses.</p><br>
<p>Fishing is plentiful around Cedros Island. California yellowtail, subspecies of yellowtail amberjack, are very plentiful at this island because yellowtail breed there. These fish like to live in the kelp beds of the island. Other fish, such as calico bass and sheepshead are also very plentiful at this island.</p><br>
<h3>Endemism</h3><br>
<p>Cedros Island is home to a number of taxa that are endemic to or occur in very few places outside the island. These include:</p><br>
<p>* Cedros side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana concinna - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Cedros Island Bewick&#39;s wren, Thryomanes bewickii cerroensis - near-endemic</p><br>
<p>* Cedros Island mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus cerrosensis - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Cedros Island brush rabbit, Sylvilagus bachmani cerrosensis - endemic -</p><br>
<p>* Cedros Island cactus mouse, Peromyscus eremicus cedrosensis - endemic -</p><br>
<p>* Cryptantha maritima var. cedrosensis - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Dudleya cedrosensis - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Dudleya pachyphytum - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Eriogonum molle - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Ferocactus chrysacanthus - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Harfordia macroptera ssp. fruticosa - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Leptodactylon veatchii - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Lotus cedrosensis - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Mammillaria goodridgei var. goodridgei - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Mammillaria goodridgei var. rectispina - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Mimulus stellatus - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Monardella thymifolia - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Penstemon cedrosensis - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Pinus radiata var. binata (Guadalupe Island Monterey pine) — near-endemic; possibly separable as var./ssp. cedrosensis and in this case endemic.</p><br>
<p>* Porophyllum cedrense - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Quercus cedrosensis (Cedros Island oak) — near-endemic</p><br>
<p>* Rhus integrifolia var. cedrosensis - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Salvia cedrosensis (Cedros Island sage) - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Senecio cedrosensis - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Verbesina hastata - endemic</p><br>
<p>* Xylonagra arborea ssp. arborea - endemic</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The island is featured in the 2012 movie Act of Valor, in which U.S. Navy SEALs attack a terrorist training camp on the island.</p><br>
<p>Lake Barrine is a freshwater lake situated on the eastern parts of Atherton Tableland in Far North Queensland, Australia, close to Lake Eacham. The lake and surrounds are protected within the Crater Lakes National Park and are accessible via the Gillies Highway.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>Lake Barrine was formed over 17,000 years ago when a large volcano erupted, leaving a crater that over time filled up with water to create a lake. The crater or maar was formed as a result of a series of volcanic explosions. These explosions were caused by the hot molten rock coming into contact with groundwater. This caused a build-up of steam, gases and pressure which blasted the central core from the volcano. This massive explosion left a huge crater, which filled with rainwater to create Lake Barrine. Local Aboriginals called the lake Barany.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The largest of the natural volcanic lakes in the area, Lake Barrine is 730 m above sea level. It is about 1 km in diameter, with a shoreline of almost 4.5 km and an average depth of 65 m. No streams or springs feed the crystal clear lake; it is filled only by rainwater. During the wet season a small creek flows out of the lake. It joins Toohey Creek which is a tributary of the Mulgrave River.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>There are walking tracks around the lake and tour operators offer cruises on the lake. Facilities at the lake include picnic grounds, a kiosk and a pre-war tea house which was built in 1926. Visitors may also swim in the lake and partake in birdwatching. Camping and domestic animals are prohibited near the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna and flora</h2><br>
<p>The surrounding rainforest contains giant kauri (Agathis microstachya), red cedar (Toona ciliata) and flowering umbrella trees (Schefflera actinophylla). Wildlife common in the area include eastern water dragons, giant eels, saw-shelled turtles, scrub pythons (Morelia kinghorni), pied cormorants, black ducks, plumed whistling ducks, black coot, whistling kites, brahminy kites, black kites, white-breasted sea eagles and dusky moorhens.</p><br>
<h2>World War II</h2><br>
<p>During World War II the teahouse was used by the Australian Army as a convalescent home.</p><br>
<p>Ragtown, Nevada, is a Churchill County ghost town of an abandoned 1854 trading post west of Fallon.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Twelve miles northwest of Fallon exhausted immigrants in 1854 recuperated alongside the Carson River after a trip across the Forty Mile Desert. The station was named because of the many rags cast off by the travelers. The tattered garments after being washed were hung in the bushes to dry. In 1855, Jules Remey and Julius Brenchley stated that it consists of "three huts, formed by poles covered with rotten canvas full of holes."</p><br>
<p>The Ragtown post office was active from May 14, 1864 to May 29, 1867 and from May 5, 1884 to April 19, 1887.</p><br>
<p>Leeteville was a post office that existed from January 28, 1895 to June 12, 1907 named for James Leete. Esther M Leete was the first postmistress.</p><br>
<p>Khan Tengri  is a mountain of the Tian Shan mountain range. It is located on the China&mdash;Kyrgyzstan&mdash;Kazakhstan border, east of lake Issyk Kul. Its geologic elevation is 6,995 m, but its glacial cap rises to 7,010 m. For this reason, in mountaineering circles, including for the Soviet Snow Leopard award criteria, it is considered a 7,000-metre peak. The name "Khan Tengri" literally means "King Heaven" in Kazakh and possibly references the deity Tengri. In some other local languages, it is known as Khan Tangiri Shyngy, Kan-Too Chokusu, Pik Khan-Tengry, and Hantengri Feng.</p><br>
<p>Khan Tengri is the second-highest mountain in the Tian Shan, surpassed only by Jengish Chokusu (means "Victory peak", formerly known as Peak Pobeda) (7,439 m). Khan Tengri is the highest point in Kazakhstan and the third-highest peak in Kyrgyzstan, after Jengish Chokusu (7,439 m) and Lenin Peak (7,134 m). It is also the world&#39;s most northern 7,000-metre peak, notable because peaks of high latitude have a shorter climbing season, generally more severe weather and thinner air.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Khan Tengri is a massive marble pyramid, covered in snow and ice. At sunset the marble glows red, giving it the Kazakh/Kyrgyz name Кантау/Кан-Тоо (blood mountain). Located just across the South Engilchek (or Inylchek) glacier, 16 km north of Jengish Chokusu, Khan Tengri was originally thought to be the highest peak in the Tian Shan because of its dramatic, steep shape, compared to the massive bulk of Jengish Chokusu. This perception was probably also due to Khan Tengris visibility across the plains of southern Kazakhstan while Jengish Chokusu remains out of view of civilization. Khan Tengri is the highest peak in the rugged Tengri Tag subrange, also known as the Mustag, that also contains Chapayev Peak (6371 m) and Gorky Peak (6050 m). Anatoli Boukreev considered Khan Tengri perhaps the worlds most beautiful peak because of its geometric ridges and its symmetry.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although it is almost 430 m (1,500 ft) lower than its neighbor, Khan Tengri was believed to be the highest peak in the range until Jengish Chokusu was surveyed in 1943 and determined to be higher.</p><br>
<p>Peter Semenov was the first European to see the Tengri Tag and its peak, the colossal Khan Tengri (in 1857).</p><br>
<p>The first ascent of the peak was made in 1931 by Mikhail Pogrebetskys Ukrainian team by a route from the south (Kyrgyzstan side), then along the west ridge. M. Kuzmins team made the first ascent from the north (Kazakhstan side) in 1964. Khan Tengri is one of five peaks that a Soviet mountaineer needed to scale to earn the prestigious Snow Leopard award.</p><br>
<p>Austrian mountaineer and expedition leader Toni Dürnberger died while descending after having climbed Khan Tengri on 17 August 1992.</p><br>
<p>The peak appears on the Kyrgyz 100 som bill. In 2004, more than a dozen mountaineers were killed in a large avalanche on the Pogrebetsky route, the most popular route on the mountain.</p><br>
